Milkshake Factory Case Study

The story of George Stein exposes the dynamics that drive the night shift at Eastern Dairy’s milkshake factory. George was excited to join the dairy’s unionized workforce because its contributions-to-inducements balance was so favorable. As soon as he crossed the functional boundary into the organization, more specific features of George’s work group became apparent. First, there was no manager to speak of supervising the night shift. Second, horseplay was the workgroup norm, considered a natural and necessary complement to the hard work the team did every night.Although the management likely excused this as peripheral role behavior, it was relevant and desirable to the members of the night shift itself because it allowed them to cultivate camaraderie and maintain morale, giving them motivation to perform as well as participate. Management’s only expressed expectations were that the night shift complete the set of production orders they were given each nig ht and that the equipment was spotlessly clean by 7 a. m. As long as these tasks were accomplished, the night shift was left to self-regulate.The night shift constitutes its own subculture within Eastern Dairy, and the special conditions that govern that workgroup make it discernibly different from the mainstream organizational culture. The absence of a formal manager to indoctrinate employees into organizational values such as quality management has allowed a different set of values and basic assumptions to emerge among the members of the night shift than might be held by the organization as a whole. For example, they share an implicit assumption that, where there is a conflict between workers’ best interests and quality control, the workers should win out.From a differentiation perspective, we can predict that the night shift’s internal consensus on this point is likely to be at odds with that of the managerial subculture. [1] If the company has the goal of total qua lity control, it has not taken the steps necessary to spread that philosophy throughout its ranks. Rather than sharing management’s presumed focus on the customer, the night shift is focused on doing their job quickly enough to get out of work on time.Since they have not received explicit training or communication about quality control issues, it is reasonable that they retain the view that some level of defects in the manufacturing process is normal and acceptable. If we are willing to dismiss the quality control aspects of the production line blockage issue, there remains the ethical question of what is the right way to deal with the problem. If George removes the filters as instructed, the 500 gallons of milkshake destined for public consumption will be contaminated with maggots.If he doesn’t, attempting instead to clear the filters every time one clogs, the production run will take forever, meaning everyone will have to stay late, and the equipment will not be clea n in time for the start of the day shift. If the crew discards the entire contaminated batch and restarts the production run from scratch, clean-up will still be delayed to some extent, plus the company will have to waste 500 gallons of milkshake mix. The instructions management (to our knowledge) has provided to Paul indicate that it prioritizes timely completion of the production orders and subsequent clean-up over things like purity of the product.Additionally, Paul knows that, due to pasteurization, the milkshakes will not hurt anyone, and due to homogenization, the extraneous matter probably won’t even be noticed. After weighing all of these points, Paul decides to remove the filters in order to process the milkshake mix, maggots and all. Whether this is an ethical solution to the blockage depends on the system of ethics used to judge it. Paul appears to be following utilitarian ethics in his decision, by which milkshake contamination is an undesired but acceptable outco me of the action of greatest net benefit to all involved.He is not ignoring the effect of this action on the prospective drinkers of the milkshakes; he just feels that they are not affected adversely enough (due to homogenization and pasteurization) to change the assessment of greatest net benefit. According to act utilitarianism (and potentially rule utilitarianism, if the rule agrees), Paul’s decision is perfectly ethical. According to right-based ethics, however, he is acting unethically because allowing the contaminated milkshake to go to market interferes with the consumers’ rights to make an informed decision about the products they purchase.Finally,[2] an ethical egoist would be split on the issue: If George were a individual egoist, he would remove the filters without hesitation because doing so will make his life easier, but if he were a universal egoist, he would refrain from sending the contaminated batch to market because he wouldn’t like to be on th e receiving end of that action. [3] George’s focus on others is apparent from the guilt he feels about the children who could find themselves drinking maggot-filled milkshakes because of his actions. Paul’s order to emove the filters falls on the cusp of George’s zone of indifference, and he considers disobeying out of concern with the morality of the request. One reason for George’s ambiguity is that he lacks the leadership defined by Mary Parker Follett. Paul may be the workgroup’s informal leader, but he has no real authority over his colleagues. He may know the technical aspects of the job, but he does not see the â€Å"big picture,† which includes the trust relationship between the dairy and its customers. He does his best to solve problems, but he hasn’t been given the resources to head them off before they occur.The solution he chooses for the blockage problem does not display the forethought of the ideal leader because it leav es the team open to potential repercussions from management and/or the public if the contamination is discovered. Nonetheless, Paul is George’s most obvious role-sender because he has the most impact on George’s daily work experience. Under the circumstances, Parker-Follett would like to see George try to influence Paul by suggesting a content innovation that miraculously solves their problem in an unforeseen way.In the end, it is not George’s responsibility – or ultimately even Paul’s – to solve the dilemma that confronts them. The management has not provided the night shift enough guidance to establish unequivocally what the organization considers the right way to proceed. The uncertainty the employees face in this situation is a good argument for formalized codes of ethics and quality control training. In the meantime, ethical relativism will prevail on the night shift: they will have to decide what is â€Å"right† based on what is best for everyone present. ———————- [1] This assumes two things about the managerial subculture: a) it espouses a commitment to quality management, and b) its in-use values do not conflict with the espoused values. [2] Justice theories of ethics can be construed to agree with rights-based theory, but they deal to a greater degree with more over-arching questions of how society should be run. As such, justice ethics are the least applicable to this situation. [3] Of course, a person who sees the contamination as harmless could allow it to happen without violating the â€Å"golden rule. †

Human Adjustment

If the motives of organisms were all immediately and easily satisfied, there would be no need for adjustment. Various hindrances, however, tend to thwart the direct satisfaction of motives. A dog may not find food available and ready to be eaten every time that the pangs of hunger assail.The human, impelled by such motives as those of mastery or social approval, is frequently unable to reduce his drives immediately. He meets with thwarting in the form of material obstacles, of competition from other similarly motivated individuals, and of hindrances resulting from his own lack of ability. But a strong motive, once aroused, tends to keep the individual in a state of activity. Stimulated by the drive-tension, the individual makes one reaction after another until at length some response is found which will reduce the drive.This exploratory activity which begins when a drive is aroused and ends when the drive is extinguished :s probably the most general pattern of animal and human behavi or. It may be termed the adjustment process. NORMAL AND ABNORMAL MODES OF ADJUSTMENT PROCESS There are three main elements in the process of adjustment. A. Motive. The process of adjustment begins with some inspiration or need present in an individual. B. Thwarting Conditions. If environmental factors do not hinder the fulfillment of needs, adjustment probably comes about and there are no problems.But thwarting circumstances steer forward the process of adjustment. C. Varied responses. In the event of non-fulfillment of needs, an individual reacts in many ways. These responses can be normal as well as abnormal. As a result of these reactions, the individual makes an adjustment with his environment. The process of adjustment begins with inspiration. Inspiration is objective-oriented. As a result, individual performs activities aimed at the objective. Many a time obstructions confront these activities.These obstruction evoke different responses in different individuals, the response m ay vary for trying work harder to giving it up to thinking an alternative plan to meet the objective. Evaluations of an individual's personality adjustment can be done as per the following criteria: a. Balance of Personality. The main criterion of personality adjustment is the formulation of personality. All the mental faculties like intelligence, emotions, desires and determination are fully involved in it and these function in unison.A well-developed personality is flexible, determined and cohesive. The ability to adjust is proportionate to the integration of personality. An individual with well-adjusted personality is balanced and realistic. He is not easily upset by failures an disappointments, and his emotions, needs, thoughts ND other mental activities are also balanced. On the other hand, a maladjusted individual's personality is imbalanced. His life is devoid of peace and he deprives others too of their peace. B. Minimal tension. Another sign of well-adjusted personality is minimal tension.Non-fulfillment of needs gives rise to tension. This tension lasts till needs are fulfilled. In other words,the adjustment of an individual can be gauged from the amount of tension he has. C. Harmony between Needs and Environment. The amount of harmony is directly proportionate to the amount of adjustment. An individual with a well-adjusted personality keep his needs and desires in consonance with the state of his environment and alters his environment according to the demand of his needs. Thus achieving mutual adjustment from both the sides accounts more success.Five groups of adjusting responses may be distinguished on this basis. These groups represent only a convenient arrangement arising from the practical necessity of making some division. They should not be interpreted as fundamentally distinct types of adjustment. 1 . Adjustment by defense. This adjustment mechanisms characterized by excessively aggressive conduct, usually involving group participation often of an undesirable or antisocial character. The defense mechanisms, by reducing the fear tensions and satisfying the original drives, lead to an adjustment of a sort.Since all persons have* deficiencies of varying degrees, defensive behavior is a normal and almost universal human trait. Only when defense mechanisms become exaggerated in character and excessive in scope do they present serious psychological problems. 2. Adjustment by withdrawing. This is considered the defensive adjustments that how a marked failure to participate in social activity, either in the form of passive exclusiveness or of active refusal. These are usually accompanied by substitute satisfactions of an individual and symbolic sort in the form of fantasy.Another way in which many individuals respond to thwarting is by retreating from the situations in which they experience adjusting difficulty. Withdrawing is a normal form of adjustment in a statistical sense, for practically all persons make use of it to some extent. Exclusiveness, like all other forms of defense, is a maladjustment only in reapportion to the degree of its employment, being normal when it does not seriously interfere with an individual's social effectiveness, pathological when he withdraws to such an extent as to affect his perception of reality.The exclusive type of adjustment originates from the same psychological pattern as do the other types. Confronted with the frustration of some strong motive, the individual makes varying responses until some form of behavior is discovered that will reduce his emotional tensions. In many instances the satisfying action is found in exclusiveness and timidity which are voiding responses to the stimuli responsible for the maladjustment. The exclusive behavior is adjusting, for by avoiding the attempt to cope with his environment, the individual eliminates the possibility of failure.The logic of exclusiveness is that, by not trying, failure is avoided. In the early or â€Å"varied r esponse† stage of adjustment to thwarting, it is typical for the reaction of timidity to alternate with the more aggressive types of defense. For an individual to be shy and exclusive at one moment, and to be bold and overbearing in the next, often seems inconsistent, but it has psychological coherence since both forms of response indicate attitudes of inferiority and fears of social criticism.Since shy and withdrawing persons are not as much of a nuisance to those around them as are the more aggressive individuals, their maladjustments often escape notice* This is especially likely to be true of school children, for teachers quickly discover the annoyingly active child who compensates, rationalizes or lies, while the withdrawing youngster is often considered as a model of perfect deportment. For the same reasons, the seriousness and extent of outdrawing forms of adjustment is usually underestimated by teachers and parents. 3. Adjustments involving fear and repression.Although fear is a factor in all maladjustments, it appears with special prominence in phobias, which are irrational specific fears. Repression, another general characteristic of maladjustment, will also be investigated in this section. Strong emotional responses of an undifferentiated character are natively elicited by stimulation to an excessively intense or tissue- injuring nature. Rather early in childhood a number of more specific emotional tatters emerge from the diffused matrix of primitive emotion, this individuation arising from the operation of processes of adjustment and learning.The responses to overwhelming situations such as loud noises and violent loss of support, toward which the child can make no effective adjusting response, become crystallized into the pattern of emotion, disorientation and flight that may be designated as fear. Many situations in the common experiences of older children and adults also call forth a normal fear response. In some instances fear is the resp onse to a danger signal or symbol of impending possible injury.Because he has learned the consequences of various situations, the individual may react to the menace of prospective injury with the same emotional quality as to the injuring situation itself. The greatest number of fear experiences of normal adults probably occur in situations involving a narrow escape from catastrophe, such as occur occasionally when driving an automobile. Fear responses are most readily aroused in adults when an intense stimulation is presented very suddenly, under circumstances that permit the use of no habitual adjustment that would enable the individual to cope with the situation.Repression as adjustment, a viewpoint which supplements the foregoing account in a valuable manner is that which regards repression as a variety of adjustment or species of defense mechanism. The event the memory of which is repressed was a stimulus for a fear of disapproval, hence when the recall occurs it acts as a symbo l or substitute for the original guilt or shame-provoking situation. The fear of social disapproval thwarts one of the strongest of the common motives and therefore calls for adjusting behavior. The individual must adjust to the substitute symbol as he would to the disapproval itself. Adjustment by ailments. The most spectacular forms of adjustment are those which ape physical ailments, including pains, paralyses and cramps. These mechanisms constitute a large part of the field of the psychoneuroses and lie in the borderland between psychology and medicine. 5. Persistent nonadjustable reactions. If all forms of adjustment fail, the individual may show states of exhaustion, anxiety and â€Å"nervousness' which are the result of an unreduced emotional tension In Karen Horned adjustment to basic anxiety, she has categorized three patterns or modes of adjustment: 1 .Moving Towards People In this pattern of adjustment, individual moves towards people in order to satisfy his needs for af fection and approval, for a dominant partner to control one's life and to live one's life within narrow limits. This is a type of person who is complaint type, who says that if I give in, I shall not be hurt. This type of person needs to be liked, wanted, desired, loved, welcomed, approved, appreciated, to be helped, to be protected, to be taken care of and to be guided. This type of person is friendly, most of the time and represses his aggression. 2. Moving Against PeopleIn this adjustment mode, the neurotic need for power for exploitation of others is for prestige and for personal achievements are to be fulfilled, when an individual moves against people. This hostile person thinks that if he has power, no one can hurt him. 3. Moving Away from People In this adjustment mode, the neurotic need for self-sufficiency, perfection, independence and UN-salability are classified. This person is a detached type, who says that if I withdraw, nothing can hurt me. These three adjustment patte rns are basically are incompatible, for example, one cannot move against, towards and way from people at the same time.The normal person has greater flexibility he uses one adjustment mode to another as conditions and situations demand. The neurotic person cannot easily move from one adjustment mode to another, rather he is less flexible and ineffective in moving from one adjustment mode to another. Fraud's ego defense mechanisms and Karen Hornet's adjustment techniques are the same. However, Karen Horned has added few new and usable techniques of adjustment, which are: I-Blind Spots Let us take an example, â€Å"you are extremely intelligent student and you responded to our teacher's question very stupidly, so this experience hurts your ego'.Therefore, you are going to deny it and ignore it because it is not in accordance with your idealized self image of an intelligent person. Now this experience is a disowned one and it will reappear as a blind spot in your personality. You will not accept it and it will reappear as a problem in your personality. This is similar to Sigmund Fraud's repression. 2-Rationalization It is giving good reasons or making good excuses to protect your ego. So rationalization by Freud and Horned are the same. Let us take an example: A student arks very hard for his CSS exam but fails in it.He says, â€Å"l don't want to be a civil servant, all civil servants are corrupt since I am an honest person I do not want to be a civil servant†. The story of the fox and the grapes is another example of rationalization. 3-Excessive Self-Control Excessive self-control is actually rigid self-control at all costs. It is guarding one's self against anxiety by controlling, any expression of emotion. In real life a puritan character has been created who maintains tight emotional control under all circumstances. Example: An individual under extreme grief and depression expresses no emotion.An individual under state of extreme happiness shows no e motion. 4-compartmentalizing It means dividing your life in to various compartments; one set of rules controls one compartment and another set of rules controls another compartment. For example, a teacher does not permit his students to cheat in the class, but the same teacher while playing a game of cards cheats with his colleagues. So there is one set of rules which applies to one compartment and another set of rules which applies to another compartment of his personality. 5 – Sterilization Sterilization is similar to Fraud's projection.In projection, individual blames others for his own shortcoming. For example, a student did not prepare for his exams properly, and after getting a low grade, would say, the teacher was against me or the question paper was out of the course, instead of seeing the fact that the preparation was insufficient. Our team lost the match, because the umpire was against us while the fact is that our penalty corner conversion was poor. 6- Arbitrary Ri ghtness To the person utilizing this adjustment technique, the worst thing a person can be is indecisive or ambiguous.When issues arise that have no clear solution one way or the other, the person arbitrarily chooses one solution, thereby ending debate. An example would be when a mother says â€Å"You're not going out Friday night and that's the end of it† A person using this adjustment will arrive at a position and when doing so all debate ends. The position the person takes becomes the truth and therefore cannot be challenged. The person no longer needs to worry about what is right and wrong or what is certain and uncertain. 7 – Elusiveness This technique is the opposite of arbitrary rightness.The elusive person never makes decision about anything. If one is never committed to anything, one can never be wrong, and if one is never wrong, one can never be criticized. If a person decides to go to college and fails, there is no excuse. If, however, the decision to go to college is delayed, because of lack of money, or any other reason, this technique is called elusiveness, where the person never makes a decision about anything. 8 – Cynicism Cynics are individuals who do not believe in the value of anything rather they try to make every individual realize the meaninglessness of their goals and objectives.Karen Horned believed that Cynics are individuals who derive pleasure by making an individual realize that he is worthless and his goals and aims in life are meaningless. Personality Disorders DEFINITION Personality is one's set of stable, predictable emotional and behavioral traits. Personality disorders involve deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of relating to others that are maladaptive and cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning. The disorders include marked limitations in problem solving and low stress tolerance.Patients with personality disorders lack insight bout their problems; their symptoms are either e go-synoptic or viewed as immutable. They have a rigid view of themselves and others and around their fixed patterns have little insight. Patients with personality disorders are vulnerable to developing symptoms of Axis I disorders during stress. Personality disorders are Axis II diagnoses. Many people have odd tendencies and quirks; these are not pathological unless they cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.DIAGNOSIS AND ADSM-IV CRITERIA 1 . Pattern of behavior/inner experience that deviates from the person's culture and is manifested in two or more of the following ways: _ Cognition Affect Personal relations Impulse control 2. The pattern: Is pervasive and info expiable in a broad range of situations _ Is stable and has an onset no later than adolescence or early adulthood _ -?+ significant distress in functioning _ Is not accounted for by another mental/medical illness or by use of a substance The international prevalence of personality disorders is 6%.Per sonality disorders vary by gender. Many patients with personality disorders will meet the criteria for more than one disorder. They should be classified as having all of the disorders for which they qualify. CLUSTERS Personality disorders are divided into three clusters: Cluster A-?schizoid, psychotically, and paranoid: Patients seem eccentric, peculiar, or withdrawn. _ Familial association with psychotic disorders. Cluster a-?antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic: emotional, dramatic, or inconsistent. Familial association with mood disorders.Cluster C-?avoiding, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive: or fearful. Patients seem Patients seem anxious _ Familial association with anxiety disorders. Personality disorder not otherwise specific deed (NOSE) includes disorders that do not fit onto cluster A, B, or C (including passive-aggressive personality disorder and depressive personality disorder). Personality disorder criteria-? CAPRI Cognition Personal Relations ETIOLOGY _ Biological, genetic, and psychosocial factors during childhood and adolescence contribute to the development of personality disorders. The prevalence of personality disorders in minimization twins is several times higher than in dogmatic twins. TREATMENT _ Personality disorders are generally very dif cult to treat, especially since few patients are aware that they need help. The disorders tend to be chronic and feeling. _ In general, pharmacological treatment has limited usefulness (see individual exceptions below) except in treating coexisting symptoms of depression, anxiety, and the like. _ Psychotherapy and group therapy are usually the most helpful.Cluster A These patients are perceived as eccentric or hermetic by others and can have symptoms that meet criteria for psychosis PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER (PDP) Patients with PDP have a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others and often interpret motives as malevolent. They tend to blame their own problems on others and s eem angry and hostile. They are often characterized as being pathologically jealous, which leads them to think that their sexual partners or spouses are cheating on them. Diagnosis requires a general distrust of others, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. At least four of the following must also be present: 1 . Suspicion (without evidence) that others are exploiting or deceiving him or her. 2. Preoccupation with doubts of loyalty or trustworthiness of acquaintances. 3. Reluctance to confine De in others. 4. Interpretation of benign remarks as threatening or demeaning. 5. Persistence of grudges. 6. Perception of attacks on his or her character that are not apparent to others; quick to counterattack. 7. Recurrence of suspicions regarding FL delimit of spouse or lover.DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS _ Paranoid schizophrenia: Unlike patients with schizophrenia, patients with paranoid personality disorder do not have any fixed delusions and are not frankly psychotic , although they may have transient psychosis under stressful situations. _ Social disenfranchisement and social isolation: Without a social support system, persons can react with suspicion to others. The differential in favor of the diagnosis can be dad by the assessment of others in close contact with the person, who identify what they consider as excess suspicion, etc.COURSE AND PROGNOSIS _ Some patients with PDP may eventually be diagnosed with schizophrenia. _ The disorder usually has a chronic course, causing lifelong marital and Job-related problems. Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice. Patients may also benefit from antiquity medications or short course of antispasmodics for transient psychosis. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER Patients with schizoid personality disorder have a lifelong pattern of social withdrawal. They are often perceived as eccentric and reclusive. They are quiet and unsociable and have a constricted affect. They have no desire for close relationships an d prefer to be alone.Unlike with avoiding personality disorder, patients with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone. A pattern of voluntary social withdrawal and restricted range of emotional expression, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety contexts. _ Four or more of the following must also be present: 1 . Neither enjoying nor desiring close relationships (including family) 2. Generally choosing solitary activities 3. Little (if any) interest in sexual activity with another person 4. Taking pleasure in few activities (if any) 5. Few close friends or confidants (if any) 6. Indifference to praise or criticism 7.Emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affect _ Paranoid schizophrenia: Unlike patients with schizophrenia, patients with schizoid personality disorder do not have any fixed delusions, although these may exist transiently in some patients. _ Psychotically personality disorder: Patients with schizoid personality disorder do not have the same ec centric behavior or magical thinking seen in patients with psychotically personality disorder. Psychotically patients are more similar to schizophrenic patients in terms of odd perception, thought, and behavior. COURSE Usually chronic course, but not always lifelong.Similar to paranoid personality disorder: Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice; group therapy is often beneficial. _ Low- dose antispasmodics (short course) if transiently psychotic, or antidepressants if combine major depression is diagnosed. PSYCHOTICALLY PERSONALITY DISORDER Patients with psychotically personality disorder have a pervasive pattern of eccentric behavior and peculiar thought patterns. They are often perceived as strange and eccentric. The disorder was developed out of the observation that certain family traits predominate in FL rest-degree relatives with schizophrenia.A pattern of social deaf cists marked by eccentric behavior, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and discomfort with close relations hips, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. _ Five or more of the following must be present: 1 . Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference) 2. Odd beliefs or magical thinking, inconsistent with cultural norms 3. Unusual perceptual experiences (such as bodily illusions) 4. Suspiciousness 5. Inappropriate or restricted affect . Odd or eccentric appearance or behavior 7. Few close friends or confine daunts 8. Odd thinking or speech (vague, stereotyped, etc) 9.Excessive social anxiety Magical thinking may include: Belief in clairvoyance or telepathy Bizarre fantasies or preoccupations Belief in superstitions Odd behaviors may include involvement in cults or strange religious practices. _ Paranoid schizophrenia: Unlike patients with schizophrenia, patients with psychotically personality disorder are not frankly psychotic (though they can become transiently so under stress), nor do they have fixed delusions. _ Schizoid personality crosier: Patients with schizoid personality disorder do not have the same eccentric behavior seen in patients with psychotically personality disorder. Course is chronic or patients may eventually develop schizophrenia. Personality type for a patient with schizophrenia. Performed Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice to help develop social skills training. Short course of low-dose antispasmodics if necessary (for transient psychosis). Antispasmodics may help decrease social anxiety and suspicion in interpersonal relationships. Cluster B Includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.These patients are often emotional, impulsive, and dramatic Patients diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder show superficial conformity to social norms but are exploitive of others and break rules to meet their own needs. Lack empathy and compassion; lack remorse for their actions. They are impulsive, deceitful, and often violate the law. They are skilled at reading social cu es and appear charming and normal to others who meet them for the FL rest time and do not know their history. Pattern of disregard for others and violation of the rights of others since age 15.Patients must be at least 18 years old for this diagnosis; history of behavior as a child/adolescent must be consistent with conduct disorder _ Three or more of the following should be present: 1. Failure to conform to social norms by committing unlawful acts 2. Deceitfulness/ repeated lying/manipulating others for personal gain 3. Impulsively/failure to plan ahead 4. Irritability and aggressiveness/repeated FL sights or assaults 5. Recklessness and disregard for safety of self or others 6. Irresponsibility/failure to sustain work or honor FL uncial obligations 7. Lack of remorse for actionsDrug abuse: It is necessary to ascertain which came FL rest. Patients who began abusing drugs before their antisocial behavior started may have behavior attributable to the effects of their addiction. Usual ly has a chronic course, but some improvement of symptoms may occur as the patient ages. _ Many patients have multiple somatic complaints, and coexistence of substance abuse and/or major depression is common. _ There is t morbidity from substance abuse, trauma, suicide, or homicide. Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder-?

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

ART - Essay Example As a group we invite others in the community to be health conscious and, more often than not, we get positive results. This group does not only help each of us to be physically fit but also to be more at peace with each other and be united for a common good. 23. Political Ideology is a coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of a government held by groups and individuals. The Conservatives believe that the government is best that governs least; big government can only infringe on individual, personal and economic rights; the Liberals, on the other hand, favor extensive governmental involvement in the economy and the provision of social services and take an activist role in protecting rights of women, elderly, minorities, and the environment; while the Libertarians favor a free-market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties. 24. Civil Society is a society where citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in open debate about public policy. This concept has taken on special importance in recent years in places like Iran and Afghanistan who have been ravaged by war and are in the status of rising again as nations freed from tyranny and dictatorship of their former leaders. 25.

Tannen agree or disagree with in Smiley Article Essay

Tannen agree or disagree with in Smiley Article - Essay Example To link with Smiley’s positive and explorative explanation of women being constructively influenced by the exposure to a Barbie doll in their early childhood years is an even tedious topic. But with assumptions to the question set, Tannen would agree with Smiley’s argument about Barbie having a positive effect toward little girls when they grow up. There has to be certain factors that should be taken into consideration in analyzing the agreements on both articles and their relationship with each other. An item that could be taken into consideration may be the two authors’ background. They seem to come from two different classes of women and since what they write is subtly, and even directly be affected by the way they discuss certain issues. It does seems that Smiley’s background is of her being a mother while Deborah is more of a radical in the field of women’s rights and the such. One part of Deborah Tennen’s personality comes from the part in the article where she talks about being present in conferences wherein she gets to mingle with other professionals that are also women. This makes a big difference with influences that both authors take into their writing ideas. This will also be a major consideration in the analysis of this topic. The relationship between the two authors may come as agreeing in other parts while they can also disagree in some. But, at this paper, to focus on Tennen’s agreement in the arguments Smiley sets is a rather plausible idea to be discussed. As a matter of fact, Tennen’s discussion is actually more of a broader topic where Smiley’s article fits in. the whole Barbie culture is actually just already a subcategory in Tennen’s discussion of the whole idea of marking women with certain benchmarks because of what seems to be. And in reality, Tennen may refuse, but she is actually a writer influenced by the ideals of feminists. The first point of the article which Ms . Tannen would most likely agree with is the fact that women are conditioned from childhood to view themselves in a certain way. Even if their real life female figures look nothing like their Barbie dolls referring to media icons that young women are introduced to such as their favorite fairy tale characters. She bemoans the fact that one of the primary arguments that Smiley roots up as she discusses in her article is the influence that Barbie dolls send to children during their childhood. She states how the Barbie doll culture sends the signals of women to dress as such and such and for them be expected in wearing rhinestones as well when they grow old. Barbie, according to her sends the first impression to little girls as how they should be dressed someday as they embrace the concept of femininity. Her daughter is subliminally taught by Barbies in having make-up on and wearing skimpy clothes. She even personifies Barbie as her daughter’s third mother-influence while she, as their real mother is usually only dressed with casual jeans and shirts. With Deborah Tennen’s article, she describes in detail, the outer appearance of the women she gets to meet during her small 8-manned conference. The seed of body issues and fashion first are now planted and the instruction manual regarding how to achieve the

Employee motivation - case scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee motivation - case scenario - Essay Example switching all the data base on to a computerized Management Information System that can be accessed by each member from anywhere around the globe. Looking over the companies needs and requirements, the Lewins Change Management Model seems to be the most adequate choice of change for the organization. This shall be further justified along side the three steps to this process. During project proposal, several people will and will not be in favour due to personal reasons and opinions. These individuals will be reluctant to change and hence will resist for it to occur. The solution is to unfreeze the pessimism by convincing them of the benefits that will be received through the new system. The main reasons for reluctancy may be due to feeling neglected of their importance and value, autonomy, monotony of work, job insecurity, lack of computer skills and literacy, lowered salaries etc as stated by Freud. However, automation is the main concern considering all manual data systems (humans) will be replaced by computer systems. The company now re-establishes itself and the staff refreezes itself into the new change of work operations. This is done gradually as each member will adapt to the new system with time. Business activities will then be within a click of a button, with the vast media horizon of internet emails, chats, audio and video conferencing etc. (Normandin, 2012) All the departments will be affected including the accounts, administrative and human resource departments. The aim is to achieve paperless forms of communication with its various clients and suppliers. However, all the employees will not be in favour of this huge change so employee motivation strategies must be employed. Looking into Maslows Hierarchy of Phsical, Emotional and Intellectual Needs for Employee Motivation will help overcome resolve this issue. (Maslow,

High Aspect Ratio Photolithography for MEMS Application Article

High Aspect Ratio Photolithography for MEMS Application - Article Example Review There are several methods that have been used in photolithography and fabrication of molds for use in metal microstructures. LIGA is one of the most common methods that have been previously used for this purpose; this approach has some advantages in that it can be used with tall microstructures that ranged from 100Â µm to 1mm. The effectiveness of this method is that it has no effect on the lateral dimensional accuracy of the long microstructures making it a versatile method, and this explains why it is popular among other photolithographic methods. The limitation of this method is that fabrication of LIGA involves a considerably high cost, and lack of an x-ray synchronized source that would give hard x-rays of high intensity and with low divergent properties. Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) s another method that involves polyamide, which is sued to fabricate low cost high aspect ratio structures as compared to LIGA above. With this process, a thickness of 100Â µm is achieved wit h the aspect ratio being 10. The limitation of this process is the tediousness of modifying the RIE machine. In addition to these approaches, there are several other methods that have been used for this purpose and include the high aspect commercial photolithography with photoresists and a UV light source, and the use of a photosensitive polyamide with a UV exposure in fabricating metal molds. The research by Miyajima & Mehregany (1995) involved integrating the above methods in previous studies, and solving the limitations of the studies to achieve low cost high-aspect-ration structures in photolithography. To achieve this, commercially available positive photoresists and UV exposure increasing molds were used together with electroless nickel plating. In the research, a 2-3Â µm line width was maintained and increasing the photoresists thickness, that the above LIGA approach in photolithography lacked. The research used electrostatic actuator micro machined at 1.5Â µ active gaps wi th a polysilicon of up to 5Â µm. The difference in this approach was that instead of increasing the gap height, the gap side was increased. This resulted to reduced use of high aspect ratio structures due to reduced force/torque. This is the main difference comparing this approach and the previous approaches in photolithography. Coating speed was very important in the cause of this research. A lower speed of 1000 rpm portrayed rough surfaces in the photoresists and mask-wafer spacing was small to result to a high resolution pattern. The optimum speed for high resolution was set at 2000rpm and a uniform coating, thickness and a smooth final surface was achieved after the final layer. The prebake temperatures were essential in that an extended prebake time resulted to high-resolution with diluted developer and standard exposure. The prebake temperature ranged between 95 and105 oC, with the optimum temperature being set at 100oC. After each layer, prebake was done at the same temperat ure to enhance drying. This was because, prebake after applying the second layer was observed to result to cracking mainly due to uneven heating in the two layers that resulted to stresses, and eventually cracking. The optimum prebake temperature of 100oC at 30 min was selected as the optimum prebake conditions after each layer. This time was important in that a short prebake time could have resulted to defects caused by the remaining solvent in the photoresis

Pastoral counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pastoral counseling - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that many a time, people have thought mistakenly that being a pastor only entails the issuance of homilies and exhorting Christian congregants to observe Christ’s teachings. However, a critical look and direct involvement in pastoring not only corrected researcher's view but also underscores the comprehensive nature of duties which fall under pastoring. The author came to this realization when a parishioner left the congregation, following the failure of the parish to access proper counseling services, leaving him unsatisfied and unstuck. As far as the first year of pastoring and ministry is concerned, several challenges beset my aspiration to be the pastor the researcher had intended. He had difficulty in successfully and effectively reaching out to members of the church, especially when they needed counseling services. Part of this difficulty had its underpinnings in the fact that the author was still a novice in the work of the mi nistry. Being a novice in the work of the ministry also bombarded his psychology with timidity, and thereby hindering me from ministering well to a more mature audience. Conversely, there are some among the congregation who felt that he was too young to effectively minister to them. Secondly, he had not obtained formal training for the work of the ministry. Instead, the author was only armed with the conviction that the Bible as God’s word is an essential resource in counseling. To him, every problem that the parishioner had could be solved through the scriptural application. Â  ... Nevertheless, that there were problems in my approach and nascent stage of development in the ministry is a matter that was underscored by silent protest by the parishioners. Of much note was a parishioner who needed referrals to people-helper, in order to access counseling services. Due to my limitations, I doubted if I knew what to do exactly and continued to offer counseling services with little help. The culmination of this development was the parishioner leaving the church because of dissatisfaction and psychological detachment from the church. It is then that I realized that God’s commands are far much more than what can be attained by man, however sincere and devoted he may be, since those commands are spiritual. Again, when the parishioner left, I reckoned with the degree to which counseling is important in the running of the church. I came to appreciate the reason why Christ Himself is referred to as Wonderful Counselor. Current Needs and Expectations Even in the chur ch, it is expected that the man of God is equipped to do all that pertains to God’s work, and to align God’s people to God’s will. The spirit of love, power and sound mind is what God wills that His children have, yet competent counseling is a powerful tool by which love, power and sound can be acquired. Because of this, it is expected that the Church and the ministers are equipped to discharge duties and responsibilities that are geared towards ameliorating the condition of the faithful. Again, with the advent of the 20th century, the Church is expected to shift from classical views on counseling and personality and psychological soundness as being a culmination of spiritual warfare, or the ravaging

International Intercultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

International Intercultural Management - Essay Example ncient times, many different matters are in the need to be managed, control of army, population management, religious matters, practices and management of culture across borders is a matter present from thousands of years. Corporations and business is changed in recent times, now even corporations are working globally and keeping cultures and philosophies part of the key factor which they consider while working globally. This world has become a global world and in order to make best out of the business world, no one can survive alone and these cultural barriers are also been broken. Domestic Market has started expanding globally and this globalization came with a huge responsibility of maintaining peace and harmony amongst different cultures and countries, this management is the key factor to reach the top of this corporate world. Advancements within the technologies associated with connection and also transportation, plus the lessening charges associated with production, brings about an increasing number of corporations benefiting from your developing accessibility associated with worldwide areas. Management of resources and all other business related matters around the world is becoming easy and cultural differences are becoming minor factor in growth and development. Leadership can be described as a position of a leader who guides others and being a good leader requires many qualities and a person who possesses such qualities can be a good leader. Good or bad leadership defines the success or failure of the particular country. Leadership is a very important pillar of a country, whole nation depends on the one pillar which makes or breaks a country. In broader perspective it can be said that leadership of a country is responsible success or failure of a country. Nigeria, Pakistan and China are different in terms of leadership and style of Government in these countries is diverse. Being a democratic country Nigeria has this negative image in terms of leaders

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des Essay

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des forces d'occupation et quel point refltait-el - Essay Example La zone non occupee de la [France] et l'assistance necessaires administration economique.2 Il y avait des problemes majeurs. Les deux Francais et Britanniques ont combattu pour l'independance de la France. "Dans la campagne de 1940 les Francais se sont battus courageusement, mais ... [l]es Britanniques ont combattu beaucoup plus obstinement ... ».3 Pour donner un peu de contexte, l'Allemagne avait acquis une partie de la France qui a ete envahie par les gens.  «En occupant la moitie nord du pays et toute la cote Atlantique, l'Allemagne s'est approprie le partie la plus riche et le plus peuple de la France metropolitaine ».4 En raison de l'oppression de son peuple, la reputation de Vichy est a jamais ternie. "L'histoire de Vichy, en cette epoque, abonde en pareils trompe-l'?il ».5 A la defense du peuple juif, les combats ont a l'Est. "Par consequent, au cours de la plupart des annees de combats sur le front de l'Est (ou la majeure partie de l'armee allemande a ete engage), les conditions sont devenues de plus en plus semblables a celles sur le front occidental dans la Premiere Guerre mondiale ».6 Il semblait que beaucoup de gens meprisaient les Juifs, c'etait un sentiment populaire et a la mode d'epouser a l'epoque. "Meme apres la guerre, Xavier Vallat revendiquee, avec quelque raison, que l'anti-semitisme de Vichy avait reflechi volonte populaire. Dans les registres tenus par l'administration francaise au cours de 1940-1944 il ya des signes evidents de l'antipathie populaire pour les Juifs, en particulier pour les refugies juifs etrangers ... ... repandre sur les Juifs d'origine francaise ainsi  ».7 Pendant ce temps, le cerveau se cache derriere la disparition du peuple juif etait Adolf Hitler-autrichien d'origine juive, vilipende les juifs et les exalte la race aryenne ci-dessus toutes les autres races. "Tout le monde sait Adolf Hitler. Notions du Troisieme Reich et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, [assurer] la  «Fuhrer » un endroit sur [dans l'hist oire]. Mais la situation varie considerablement dans l'histoire de cet homme.†8 Allemands voulaient eliminer totalement le peuple juif. "[L'Allemand] Armee et la Marine ... [A] l'avantage de la situation ... nouvelle [s] de faire valoir leurs interets.†9 Les gitans ont ete un autre peuple qui ont ete persecutes par les Allemands. "Si les ambitions allemandes en France concernees les moyens de maximiser l'exploitation de l'economie francaise dans l'interet de l'Allemagne, Vichy a saisi l'occasion fournie par la conquete allemande de realiser un [efficace] purge de la societe francaise, et un remodelage de la France a son image ».10 La persecution de toute personne consideree comme anormale a ete facilement acceptee par la societe francaise. Cette  «purge » de la societe francaise etait en effet l'un qui comprend un secteur important de personnes-des personnes handicapees, les personnes qui avaient des malformations congenitales, et cetera. Personne n'a ete epargne p ar le grand filet et le mal qui a ete coule pour tous ceux qui ont regarde differemment, agi differemment, ou ont vecu d'une maniere differente que le reste de la dynamique de la societe.Le francais de la

Pierre Trudeau Essay Example for Free

Pierre Trudeau Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pierre Trudeau an eternal Canadian nationalist could be rightfully ascribed for building the strong foundations of federalism in Canada in the turbulent period of the 1970’s and the 1980’s. He represented the quintessential Canadian liberal politician of his times, hobnobbing with the likes of John Lennon and Yoko Ono while imposing what some say the draconian War Measures Act in 1980 to quell the wave of terrorism unleashed by the separatists in Quebec. Unafraid to speak and act as per his personal proclivities in a World which was adjusting to the rise of Communism, Trudeau prevented its backlash into Conservatism and ultra nationalism as seen in Quebec, affect the country as a whole. His vision of nationalism included acceptance of plurality in a multi cultural state, represented by introduction of bilingualism in Canada at his behest. The force of his personality supported the strength of his ideas thereby making him a strong object of worship as well as revulsion. It was thus but natural that Trudeau would be finding many detractors particularly amongst the Francophone of Quebec. Pierre Trudeau is seen as a villain in French Canada due to his vitriolic contrarian personality, his espousal of the liberal ideology representing the virtual counter culture of the 1970’s and his strong espousal of federalism which came in direct confrontation with Quebec nationalism. Contrarian   Personality Trudeau’s flamboyant personality, his disrespect for formal authority represented by the famous pirouette behind the Queen of England’s back provided reasons to his detractors to run down his achievements. Trudeau born in a French Scottish background and educated in the College Jean-de-Brebeuf perhaps was well set to be a nationalist as well as a clerical fascist.[i] Fortunately the vistas of his personality opened as he traveled widely and came into intellectual contact with liberals as Jacques Maritain and John Locke. The influence of these years of travel and study, in France, UK including the London School of Economics and the United States bore an undefinable imprint of political liberalism on his personality. It also strangely brought him closer to figures as the British pop band Beatles. His rejection of the Second World War did not go too well with nationalists and believers who continued to have faith in the values for which the War was being fought. He is also reported to have spoken at an anti draft rally thus being expelled from the Canadian Officer’s Training School for indiscipline.   All this was not suited to endear him universally and provided fodder to the French Canadians.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the War he became the leading dissident against the ideas of conservatism from both sides of the Anglo French divide in Canada which was expanding each day. This along with his dabbling in trade unionism with a Marxist touch was anathema to the political class of the times. The Marxist leaning was evident with the ban imposed on him in the United States for attending a conference in Moscow. However his extreme liberalism and cantankerous personality led him to even throw a snow ball at the statue of Stalin in the Russian capital much to the chagrin of his hosts. The oddities in his personalities were evident when he continued to criticize the Canadian Liberal party despite being one of its ideological supporters for arming missiles in Canada with nuclear warheads. The wave that swept him to the leadership of the Liberal party in 1968 perplexed many as a left wing politician with liberal ideas, people were quite skeptical about his approach. Yet the need for   sweeping changes in a nation which was shaping its identity found him heading the Liberals in 1968. The predominant support of the nation’s youth also resulted in an antagonism developing against him in the older, more conservative generation. His defiance of the rioting mobs on the Annual Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in 1968 moved many voters to bring him to the centre stage in national politics. The fiery personality was one reason for the large body of antagonists that developed against the liberal, youthful, defiant and unafraid Prime Minister of a nation in the midst of a crisis of identity in people of two highly dominating cultures, the Anglophonic and Franco phonic, as if the supremacy in Europe post Second World War was being fought in Canada.   Pierre’s invocation of the War Measures Act in the crisis riven month of October 1970, won him detractors even within the Liberal Party, such were the strong reactions that were invoked by his personal leanings and proclivities. Trudeau’s detractors frequently called this behavior as a deliberate attempt to grab the attention of the media. Thus his personality had a major role to play in Pierre’s unpopularity amongst the French Canadians. Liberal Counter Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a leader of the political and social counter culture in Canada, Trudeau was well poised to invite many detractors. Truadeau’s liberal antecedents can be traced back to his days in the University of Montreal as an associate professor of law, where he developed his personal proclivities to support individual rather than state rights. Persuaded by friends, Pierre Trudeau was elected to the Canadian house and soon became a Minister for Justice in the Liberal cabinet of Pearson. The liberal in him saw repealing many conservative laws such as on homosexuality and divorce, earning the ire of the conservatives some of them influential personalities as the Quebec Premier, Daniel Johnson, Jr.   His left leanings were a permanent stigma that he had to carry in a Western country which was attempting to fight Communism through out the World.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The contrarian liberal in Trudeau however was seen doing an about turn, when confronted with the problem of separatist terrorism in October 1980. The firm action to quell terrorism through invocation of the War Measures Act was anathema to liberals, who never seem to have forgiven him. The creation of a multicultural society has been frequently construed as the creation of a British society with a Canadian identity. The other cultures in Canada including the French were deemed to be assimilated within this primarily anglophile culture of the country.[ii] This facet has rankled many French liberals, who deem that such a society has not emerged naturally but some how created by the likes of Trudeau. Some liberals even accuse him of creating stereo types with a view to construct an over arching structure of a nationalist government in the garb of liberalism.[iii]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However Pierre’s strongest opposition came from the Francophone of Quebec, who saw in him the principal opposition to their movement.   During the October Crisis of 1970 when the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) carried out a series of kidnappings in the province including the British Trade Consul and the Quebec Labor Minister, Trudeau did not hesitate in invoking the War Measures Act to give the government powers to ensure that the movement was brought under check by arrest and detention without a trial. This was an affront to the liberals but Pierre found it sound policy instead of giving in to the demands of radical elements in the country. While it was Trudeau who introduced official bilingualism in Canada, giving equality to French and English in all official services of the Federal government, the Francophiles saw it to be a measure towards a multi cultural society which was seemingly anathema to them. The liberals continued to ignore the fact that Trudeau ensured through his personal charisma and espousal of free ideals that the social transformation in Canada was brought about without causing revolutionary change.[iv] It is this social dynamism represented by Trudeau that could alter the polity in the country without any civil war. Quebec’s Sovereignty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The final issue which created antagonism against Trudeau amongst the French is the immensely emotive issue of Quebec’s sovereignty.   As a champion of federalism and being in the office of the Prime Minister, Trudeau was able to influence the course by championing the cause of federalism against the call for Quebec nationalism given by Parti Quebecois led by Rene Levesque. While it goes to his credit that he ensured that the issue of sovereignty was resolved through the democratic process, it was his call for a new constitution in case Quebecois stayed with Canada that is said to have gone in favor of a majority vote for sovereignty. The Quebec nationalists could never forgive Pierre, especially so when his background was French. Moreover many believed that it was due to his forceful oratory, bilingual approach and clever articulation he had caused the mood swing even against an opponent as tough as Rene Levesque. However this was the enduring legacy that he was to provide to Canada at the cost of personal popularity amidst the French in the country. Pierre Trudeau saw in his mission a need to assimilate the French and British aspirations within the Canadian national structure by reducing inter community hostilities and provide the country an effective government.[v]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This antipathy of the French in Canada towards Pierre was to remain and has somehow emerged as his lasting legacy in Quebec, obfuscating his major achievement in creating a federal structure which prevented fracturing of the nation, which would have proved disastrous for Quebec reducing it to a minority state. The French Canadians ascribe his strong measures by invoking the War Measures Act as central to break up of FLQ. However they frequently ignore, that the other options were hardly viable, return of chaos and mayhem of terrorism in the country which would have been detrimental for Canada’s political and economic growth. The route of democratization provided by him to the French Canadians and a peaceful path to their aspirations is frequently forgotten. Thus these detractors of Trudeau ascribe their defeat by democratic forces to the force of his personality, which may to an extent be partially true, but the birth of great nations has seldom taken place without the efforts of leaders of his caliber. The support that Pierre’s federalism had been consistently receiving in Quebec was frequently ignored by the French. This was evident with the capture of a majority of seats in the federal elections of 1980 by the Liberal party, though provincially the Parti Quebecois continued to remain dominant. The Quebecois also feel that it was Trudeau’s ultra nationalism which destroyed their ambitions of seeking a unique relationship with the mainstream Canadians without necessarily renouncing their rights for sovereignty of Quebec.[vi] The War Measures Act is also seen as going against the principles of democracy. However Trudeau was a realist liberal with a reality rooted strain of liberalism which decreed that tough times required hard measures and the results achieved of suppression of FLQ in its nascence proved the righteousness of Trudeau’s cause. The Constitutional Act of 1982 has also been one of the causes of his downfall amongst the liberals in Quebec. They ascribe their inability to win elections in Quebec after the Act was introduced at the behest of Trudeau. Ironically the bilingualism introduced by Turdeau some how rankled the Francophone as well. It was a sound basis for the creation of a multi cultural society, giving the strongly predominant French voice in Quebec extension to other parts of the country. Here again the aspirations of the Franco phones were not fully met as they found that they could not really use French in all parts of the country as freely as they did in Quebec, thereby they continued to bear a grudge against him in this sphere. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada, overlapping the critical period of over a decade from 1968 to 1984, with a brief interregnum of over nine months, Trudeau had an important role to play in the country’s dilemma of seeking a cultural identity.   Trudeau was primarily responsible for seminal national charters such as the Charter of Rights and Freedoms which preserved Canadian identity and virtually single handedly redefined the national agenda.   Above all he provided the moral foundations to the Canadian nation state denoted by LaSelva, roots of   which will only add to its superior nationalist character as the years go by.[vii] [i] McCall,   Christina. Clarkson, Stephen. Trudeau and Our Times Volume 1 (Paperback). Toronto, McClelland Stewart.1997. [ii] Legare, E. Canadian Multiculturalism and Aboriginal People: Negotiating a Place in the Nation. Identities 1 (4), 1995. [iii]   Larocque, E. Racism Runs Through Canadian Society. In O. McKague (Ed.), Racism in Canada., Saskatoon: Fifth House Publishers. 1989. [iv] P. Russell, Constitutional Odyssey: Can Canadians Become a Sovereign People?, 2d ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1993. [v] R. Cook, Canada, Quebec and the Uses of Nationalism, 2d ed. Toronto: McClelland Stewart. 1995. [vi] Laforest, Guy. Translated by Paul Leduc Browne and Michelle Weinroth Trudeau and the End of a Canadian Dream.Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1995. [vii] Samuel V. LaSelva, The Moral Foundations of Canadian Federalism: Paradoxes, Achievements and Tragedies of Nationhood. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996. Bibliography    Butler, Rick, Jean-Guy Carrier, eds. The Trudeau decade. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1979. Butson, Thomas G. Pierre Elliott Trudeau. New York: Chelsea House, c1986. Clarkson, Stephen. Trudeau and our times. Toronto: McClelland Stewart, c1990 c1994. 2 v. Cohen, Andrew, J. L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeaus shadow: the life and legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1999. Couture, Claude. Paddling with the current: Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Étienne Parent, liberalism and nationalism in Canada. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, c1998. Issued also in French: La loyautà © dun laà ¯c. Griffiths, Linda. Maggie Pierre: a fantasy of love, politics and the media: a play. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1980. Gwyn, Richard. The northern magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians. Toronto: McClelland Stewart, c1980. . Laforest, Guy. Trudeau and the end of a Canadian dream. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, c1995. McDonald, Kenneth. His pride, our fall: recovering from the Trudeau revolution. Toronto: Key Porter Books, c1995. McIlroy, Thad, ed. A Rose is a rose: a tribute to Pierre Elliott Trudeau in cartoons and quotes. Toronto: Doubleday, 1984. Peterson, Roy. Drawn quartered: the Trudeau years. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1984. Radwanski, George. Trudeau. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, c1978. . Simpson, Jeffrey. Discipline of power: the Conservative interlude and the Liberal restoration. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1984. Stewart, Walter. Shrug, Trudeau in power. Toronto: New Press, 1971. Vastel, Michel. The outsider: the life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, c1990. 266 p. Translation

Buyer Behaviour To Fair Trade And Ethical Clothing Marketing Essay

Buyer Behaviour To Fair Trade And Ethical Clothing Marketing Essay Abstract Being an ethical consumer means buying products which were ethically produced and/or which are not harmful to the environment and society. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2001/feb/22/ethicalmoney1) In todays society, consumers are becoming far more aware of the law breaking and inexplicable exploitation of workers including young children in many of the factories across Europe and the World that produce clothing good that are sold all over the United Kingdom as well as many other countries. There is currently a massive gap in the market for a major player to come into and promote that they are using fair trade clothing, showing that they are an ethical business, which would almost definitely up there levels of custom. In effect, the consumers who choose to take their money to ethical businesses would rather purchase ethically manufactured goods rather than the alleged unethical products if the price isnt significantly more than the ethical one. In order to know this however, these consumers need to have appropriate information of the conditions and standards in which they were made before they get to the buying situation. With this only being a recent matter to come up in the c lothing industry coherent information is scarce and it is beginning to cause friction between consumers and businesses. So with issues to do with companies corporate social responsibilities being as big as they ever have been we wanted to know what local consumers felt. Introduction The intention of this report is to analyse and assess consumer behaviour when it comes to fair-trade and ethical clothing. The objective is to find out what consumers beliefs are, whether ethics has an impact on their clothing range, and why they would choose to wear what they do. This was achieved via the use of both secondary and primary research. The secondary analysis involved research using articles on fair-trade and ethical clothing and the appliance of appropriate buyer behaviour concepts and theories. The report will carefully examine, contrast and report on the characteristic decision making processes prone to be used by a particular target market for the purchase of fair trade clothing. This will entail the primary research in which 6 participants will be interviewed with questions regarding to consumer behaviour when it come to purchasing ethical clothing for self wear. Interviews were used as a method to find the qualitative research as they are far more reliable than que stionnaires. The participants are all from Leeds, they are all male and students and aged between the years of 18 and 25. The interviews didnt follow a particular format, as they were informal based, using a number of open and closed questions in an attempt to get honest and appropriate answers from the participants. Research and findings Many aspects of peoples lifestyles can affect the choices they make due to the opinions they form and the interests they have. Looking into somebodys lifestyle can help us develop in depth insights of their consumer behaviour. Some people only buy clothes for comfort, yet others opt to buy clothes as they are branded and they believe it will help them gain respect and a status amongst peers. These points were evident throughout all of the research. An example of it is from interview 3, when asked What aspect of clothing is most important to you? he replied Style and comfort are both important as you to look good but it has to be comfortable as well. This is showing that they wish to look good, yet also desire to feel comfortable. If you take Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (see figure 1 in appendix) and select the Esteem part of the pyramid, we found that this was an ever present issue with the sample with what they had to say. When asked What aspect of clothing is most important to you one participant replied Looks smart and another when asked If you were to wear it do you think your friends would be impressed (as regards to expensive clothing)? He replied with Yes. This shows consumers need to feel confident with themselves when it comes to what they are wearing. They also want to gain respect from others, and sense a feeling of achievement. It is assumed that family and friends will also have a huge influence on dress sense with students. All participants but one agreed with this. When asked Do family and peers tend to have a large influence on the clothes that consumers wear and purchase? one participant answered with yes, because youre constantly around them and they are your family and friends for a reason so you are more likely to have similar dress sense to fit in but everybody does have their own individuality even though you hang around with similar people who wear similar clothing to you. This is proof that you may choose to dress just to fit in amongst peers and family sometimes losing sight of you individualism. The one member of the sample who didnt agree with the above was the only participant from outside of the UK. He was from Eastern Europe. This bring up the topic of whether culture also determines opinions and choices. Culture is the lens through which people see their world. It is also a blueprint of human activity. (McCracken 1986). A Western Value is characterised by separateness in the sense of people being relatively independent and individualistic with the view of the self emphasising separateness, internal attributes and uniqueness of individuals. Non-Western cultures are more connected (interdependent and collective) and have the view of the self stressing connectedness, social context and relationships. This is evident from the way he went around answering specific questions. For example when asked what are your views on how ethically clothes are manufactured? he answered with I have no view, its not my business, which is showing that this topic doesnt really mean much to him . From this we can only assume that this is what the Easter European culture believes and that he is speaking on behalf of them. With most products and brands there is a system of meaning that comes along with them and it is more often than not culturally specific and shared, learned and transmitted through generations. If you look at The Semiotics Triad (see figure 2 in the appendix) we get a better idea of how to change cultural beliefs. If we can get it nailed in to their heads that there is a message behind Fair Trade, perhaps it shows how much you care for the welfare of producers, and let them know what the meaning of Fair Trade is, that you will be providing a better lifestyle for these producers if you purchase the goods, they may become more inclined into buying these Fair Trade goods. From the socio gram in figure 3 (see appendix) you can see that only the Eastern European participant was the only person who disagreed with the question of Does clothing show personality?. T o have any chance of overcoming this cultural difference business must promote all of the benefits that come along with purchasing fair trade clothing. They need to show just how it affects peoples livelihoods and that it isnt just happening in one area, its happening all over the world and everybody needs to do their part to make sure they exploitation is abolished. One of the ways in which this could be promoted and open up to the public is via the use of television advertisements, these would be effective in showing the problems and have the best chance of creating empathy amongst people no matter what culture they may be associated with. Another aspect that was apparent from the research is that consumers look to buy benefits rather than buy things. This was especially the case as the sample were all students and the need to save money yet still have a status and fit in whilst constantly gaining respect is apparent for all to see. When dealing with fair trade consumers can look at benefits in different ways. They can look at the benefits that will be received by the original manufacturers. Or consumers could view fair trade clothing as being more expensive then the benefit to them is not to buy it and go elsewhere therefore saving their self money purchasing a cheaper option. An example of this is, when asked Would you pay slightly more for fair trade clothing one participant replied Yes, however Im not prepared to empty my pockets. This brings up the myth of fair trade being too expensive. If you look at the Market Map (see figure 5 in the appendix) you can see that consumers believe that fair trade clothing is expe nsive to buy and the quality of it doesnt match the price, yet in actual truth the quality is just as good so this myth needs dealing with. The stereotypical mindset of a student is for them to seek the most economical option with clothing that is unless it is branded. This hampers their chances of purchasing fair trade clothes, as the perception is that they are more expensive and that it comes without a brand. If marketers can dig into this perception showing that the little added value is more than worth it and show that it isnt all that much more expensive they will be half way there in changing the perception of students towards it. You can see from figure 4 (in the appendix) that 2 of the participants said that knowing that the clothes were fair trade would not convince you to buy them. This shows that a majority of them would yet a third of them wont. Again one them being of a different culture and the other being British which could prove that is isnt only Eastern approaches yet, only one participant doesnt show that this is how Westerners may also feel. A topic that also occurred throughout is that of motivation. What is it that motivates students to buy the clothes they do. Different factors motivate different people, whether its: brand, price, comfort or style etc. If we look at David McClellands Need Based Motivational Model it suggests that there are three main motivators when purchasing goods. Some have the need for achievement, some have the need for authority and power, and others have a need for affiliation. Basically saying we purchase to get recognition and respect. One example of this is when asked Since being a student has your attitude towards clothing changed and if so how? one reply was Yes because I used to wear scruffy clothes where as now I am more self conscious of how I look, I would rather buy designer makes in order to fit in with friends. This shows just how people like to fit in within a group even if they may not genuinely like what they are doing. Another participant answered Yes I would when asked Would yo u buy an item of clothing just because its expensive?. This also backs up this model. Conclusion To conclude it is evident that more needs to be done to raise awareness of fair trade clothing to students. Figures show that in 2008 a total of  £77.9 was spent on fair trade cotton goods in the UK to drop to  £50.1 in 2009 (http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/what_is_fairtrade/facts_and_figures.aspx)so as well as students perhaps the whole country needs more awareness, however this drop is more than likely to be linked to the recession as luxuries such as fair trade goods will be put to the side by many consumers. However this drop could also be linked to a lack of repeat custom. Once somebody has purchased a fair trade piece of clothing they may feel they have done their bit and have no need to help out anymore. Also advertisement from companies who sell fair trade needs to be increased to give many consumers especially students more knowledge or where it is and how it is produced. Part B Discuss, citing several sources, the differences between the B2B and B2C buyers from the perspective of a sustainable marketer Although business to business buying and business to consumer buying are very similar in many ways, the marketing of the two has to be done in different manners. Buyers are individuals and many different subjects can influence one. Whether it is word of mouth, reputation of a business, or past custom. Business to Business can be described as Business that sells products or provides services to other businesses. (http://www.marketingterms.com/dictionary/b2b/). An example of this could be Heinz selling its ketchup goods to McDonalds. Business to business buyers are very intelligent with what they do. They understand everything to do with the products and/or service better than anybody else and they are able to continually purchase these products or services and still make sure that they are making a profit. Marketing copy must talk to a sophisticated audience. Taking this into account, business to business marketing needs to be of very high quality, looking for areas that perhaps the buyer wont previously have visited and opening them up to new education. Business to consumer can be described as Business that sells products or provides services to end-user consumers. (http://www.marketingterms.com/dictionary/b2c/). An example of this could be a retailer selling a pair of shoes to its customer. Business to consumer buyers are on the lookout for the best value for money deal and always tend to look around different places before making their mind up on who to purchase from. It is more personal then B2C as it is done on more of a one to one basis. One of the major issues that arises for business to consumer buyers is that of faith and trust. Even though you are able to purchase the same goods from more than one different source whether it be in the high street or on the internet if a consumer knows that they can trust a particular source it is more than likely they will get their repeat custom. Taking this into order, businesses to consumer marketing needs to shows the consumer all of the benefits that buying a product has and prove that they are a trustworthy firm. In business to consumer marketing it is most likely that there wont be much time to play with as consumers can purchase their goods in a split second. Consumers may not even need to view any of the marketing before they opt to buy, it may be word of mouth that convinces them maybe from a friend or member of family. However they may not even need this. Many people buy on impulse, there and then so marketers need to make sure their marketing is noticed therefore it needs to be aimed at the appropriate target in order for it to go noticed, via leaflets or advertisements whether they be on a billboard or television etc. When it comes to business to business buying this idea of impulse buying is scarce. There is normally a list of many things that all need to be ticked before the thought of purchasing even comes to mind. Thus the time is increased and marketers will have more time to play with in marketing their goods and services as B2B buyers need to take their time and make sure they are making the correct and most efficient decision. As well as it having far more time, there are also many more people involved within it. These range from directors to cleaners as everybody needs what is best for them in their role. With more time being available marketers can think of more coherent ways to get the consumers attention and convince them that their goods are better than their competitors. Another difference between B2B and B2C marketing is that the business to business needs to make sure they keep that chain of command in mind. They will have to make sure that all queries are sufficiently answered and there is nothing for potential buyers to believe that they are making a mistake in choosing them instead of others. For example, if you take the Head of I.T from a business, they may decide they want to upgrade all of their computer systems. In their mind they will be thinking of the best value for money supplier to buy from, they will want top quality software but at an affordable and realistic price. They may also want to receive perks for doing business with them. Although this Head may not be the person eligible to make the final decision it is more than likely that the decision maker will take advice from the head and trust them with their opinion. The decision maker will also look at other areas such as reputation of the supplier and speed of delivery etc so market ers need to make sure everything is covered. Another difference between the two is the overall value of a sale. The cost of the initial B2B sale is only half of it, the business then goes on to sell the products it purchased. Initial transactions can cost hundreds or thousands of pounds and it is more than likely that these products will be again sold on. Therefore the value over the lifetime of a product can span many years and add up to thousands, potentially millions of pounds. With B2C they are bought solely for the consumers benefit with them not looking at the possibility of selling the product on. Therefore only a one off payment is made and nothing else needs doing. However marketers should continually be trying new ways of keeping the consumer updated in an attempt to get repeat custom. Appendix Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5

Bio-ethics and Cloning :: Biology Science Genetics Essays

Bio-ethics and Cloning The idea that humans might someday be cloned-created from a single somatic cell without sexual reproduction-moved further away from science fiction and closer to a genuine scientific possibility on February 23, 1997. On that date, The Observer broke the news that Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute announced the successful cloning of a sheep by a new technique that had never before been fully successful in mammals. The scientists from Roslin Institute of Edinburgh isolated differentiated somatic cells of Finn Dorset sheep and fused them with unfertilized enucleated eggs. The "fertilized" eggs soon developed into embryos which were in turn transplanted into female sheep, where the lambs are born naturally.1 The resulting birth of the sheep, named Dolly, on July 5, 1996 appears to mark yet another milestone in our ability to control, refine, and amplify the forces of nature. Yet, the fact that Dolly's paper just scrapes into the top 10 scientific papers published in 19972, showed that cloning was not a much credited technology in science. So why was there so much limelight on Dolly? If it were possible to clone a mammal, would the cloning of human's be next? Dolly's arrival opened debate in fields where ethicist dreaded to go. Some scientists - including Ian Wilmut - don't support human cloning. Those in favor see it as another method in the growing pantheon of human reproductive technologies3. One unique prospect, vividly raised by Dolly, is the creation of a new individual genetically identical to an existing (or previously existing) person - a "delayed" genetic twin. This prospect has been the source of the overwhelming public concern about such cloning. People have frequently expressed fears that the widespread practice of somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning would undermine social values by opening the door to a form of eugenics or by tempting to manipulate others as if they were objects instead of persons4. Ethicists and governments have thus far reach a consensus on a ban on all types of cloning of human beings. However, with leading Italian embryologist Severino Antinori researching intensely on human cloning5, and Richard Seed's expansion into Japan with future plans of human cloning6, should we wonder about the inevitable cloning of human beings? At present, companies are set up to embrace this new cloning technology. While "Genetic Savings and Clone" in Texas intends to clone pets and opens its doors for

The Hike Essay -- Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

It is cold, foggy, and dark. Everything looks dead around me - brown grass, bare and skinny trees, my tired classmates. I look at the wildlife and think about greener, more beautiful places. I imagine that I am hiking in North Carolina or Austria, where nature needs no sprinklers to remain green. Why am I awake now? How can I find beauty on this hike? How can I possibly write an essay about this? Despite my negative thoughts, I force myself to focus on the hike. Birds soar through the crisp air, singing their morning melodies and landing on trees and telephone wires. I hear cows in the pasture and feel nice, cool breezes. The road curves, and the hilly scenery suddenly appears more beautiful as we walk through the quarry. The fresh scent of a group of eucalyptus trees overwhelms me and brings back memories of the several times I have enjoyed Catalina Island. As I exhale, fond childhood memories make me increasingly excited about my journey, and I envision climbing a large live oak tree nearby. A small white butterfly flutters by me and a group of well-camouflaged deer... The Hike Essay -- Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays It is cold, foggy, and dark. Everything looks dead around me - brown grass, bare and skinny trees, my tired classmates. I look at the wildlife and think about greener, more beautiful places. I imagine that I am hiking in North Carolina or Austria, where nature needs no sprinklers to remain green. Why am I awake now? How can I find beauty on this hike? How can I possibly write an essay about this? Despite my negative thoughts, I force myself to focus on the hike. Birds soar through the crisp air, singing their morning melodies and landing on trees and telephone wires. I hear cows in the pasture and feel nice, cool breezes. The road curves, and the hilly scenery suddenly appears more beautiful as we walk through the quarry. The fresh scent of a group of eucalyptus trees overwhelms me and brings back memories of the several times I have enjoyed Catalina Island. As I exhale, fond childhood memories make me increasingly excited about my journey, and I envision climbing a large live oak tree nearby. A small white butterfly flutters by me and a group of well-camouflaged deer...

Analysis of Out, Out by Robert Frost :: Out, Out Robert Frost Poems Poetry Essays

Analysis of Out, Out by Robert Frost "Out, Out--" by Robert Frost is a poem about a young boy who dies as a result of cutting his hand using a saw. In order to give the reader a clear picture of this bizarre scenario, Frost utilizes imagery, personification, blank verse, and variation in sentence length to display various feelings and perceptions throughout the poem. Frost also makes a reference to Macbeth's speech in the play by Shakespear called Macbeth which is somewhat parallel to the occurrences in "Out, Out-." Frost begins the poem by describing a young boy cutting some wood using a "buzz-saw." The setting is Vermont and the time is late afternoon. The sun is setting and the boy's sister calls he and the other workers to come for "Supper." As the boy hears its dinnertime, he gets excited and cuts his hand on accident. Immediately realizing that the doctor might amputate his hand, he asks his sister to make sure that it does not happen. By the time the doctor arrives, it is too late and the boy's hand is already lost. When the doctor gives him anaesthetic, he falls asleep and never wakes up again. The last sentence of the poem, "since they (the boys family and the doctor) were not the one dead, turned to their affairs" shows how although the boys death is tragic, people move on with their life in a way conveying the idea that people only care for themselves. Frost uses different stylistic devices throughout this poem. He is very descriptive using things such as imagery and personification to express his intentions in the poem. Frost uses imagery when he describes the setting of the place. He tells his readers the boy is standing outside by describing the visible mountain ranges and sets the time of day by saying that the sun is setting. Frost gives his readers an image of the boy feeling pain by using contradicting words such as "rueful" and "laugh" and by using powerful words such as "outcry". He also describes the blood coming from the boy's hand as life that is spilling. To show how the boy is dying, Frost gives his readers an image of the boy breathing shallowly by saying that he is puffing his lips out with his breath. When talking about the saw, Frost uses personification and repetition. Personification is seen when he says that at times it can run light and at others it has to "bear a load", talking as if the saw was a person which had to carry something.

A Mother’s Love to a child

As a mother I have cared and tried to push my son†s education so that he can succeed in his life. I came from a large family in Brazil. I wasn†t the only child; I learned to share, how provide for myself, and for my 3 sisters, and 3 brothers. My father was a serious man; he had a job, and still came home to provide for all of us. During dinnertime he insisted that everyone had to be home and had to sit down at the table and talk about their day. This was a must in my family too. The reason why he had that rule was because he was a religious man, and meals should be shared with the family as well as conversations. No one had any choice of not sitting at the table, unless we didn†t want to eat. When I had a child, I waited for the right time to have one. I didn†t want to rush into motherhood responsibility until I had everything in order to support my child. My husband had to find a job, and so did I. We had a house, a car, and jobs to support my child; we were ready. When my child was born, I chose to go to the United States of America, so that my child can have a better life. In Brazil, the education is not challenging, and not recognized in other parts of the world as a higher education. For him to have a better education, a better standard of living, and for him to have what we never had, we had to give up our lives in Brazil. As the years went by I was always there for my son. Through my eyes as he grows older, he is still the little boy that I held in my arms for the first time. In his teenage years I have seen him grow further away from me. Every day when he gets home he goes to his room without talking to me, or saying anything about his day. I guess that is what all kids go through in these years, because of the stage of exploration of new things in life. Like driving, video games, girls, and puberty. I still love my son, and even if he doesn†t want to talk to me then I guess he has everything in order in his life. He is very intelligent, and I trust that he knows what to do, and do the right thing. I have noticed that he hasn†t come to me to say if he has had any problems in school. I guess to me he has no problems going on, or maybe he has it in control. I have always said to him every time he comes home, how was your day Miguel? He would always say, it was ok. When I heard that my son was having problems in reading, I was shocked. I couldn†t believe my bright boy was having such problems. I tried my best to make him study more, and succeed in life. Now it looks like he needs help in reading, and I am going to be there for him. The teacher told me that he had to memorize a book in order to pass the class. I was with him every day when he got home, helping him to study and memorize the story. When the day came for him to tell the story, I was waiting for him at home. When he got home, I looked into his eyes and he said â€Å"Mom, I did it. I passed! † I was so happy, and I knew he could do it. From that day on, I have never doubted my son on what he can do. He is a bright young man, intelligent, respectful, and responsible when it comes to work that is given to him.

Africa’s Political and Economic Problems and How to Eliminate Them

The picture of Africa has long been depicted as one with Africans who are malnourished and dying from disease and starvation. This is in irony for Africa being the second largest and second most populous continent in the world very rich in minerals, gold, diamonds and other natural resources. Much of these unsightly images of Africa can be attributed to the political and economic factors that attributed much to its poverty and political unrest.As such, Africa’s political and economic problems are herein enumerated and discussed so as to be able to evaluate and eliminate the aforementioned factors that contribute to Africa’s plight as a continent in poverty and distress. This, with the objective of determining the best possible solutions so as to give sustainability, if not prosperity to Africa that has long been needed and sought for by its people.Africa’s Political ProblemsAfrica has been suffering from the turmoil of instability, corruption, violence and author itarianism since colonial period. Although there are a number of African nations today that are under republic governance with forms of presidential rule, only a few have been able to take advantage and sustain democratic governments.This can be attested by several leaderships that failed to give the people their power of sovereignty and freedom in what can be called misguided democracies.   An example of such leadership abuse happened during the 35-year-rule of Mobutu Sese Seko as head of a â€Å"democratic† government   in Zaire (renamed Congo in 1997) when he and his ministers sold and pocketed the lucrative mining rights to Zaire’s substantial cobalt, nickel, and diamond mines (Payne & Lee).Africa’s Political and Economic ProblemsAfrica has also been suffering from civil wars, violence and crimes as violence is being used as a mechanism for resolving disputes and for bringing about change. Both colonial and apartheid regimes used violence and repression to maintain power and some degree of social order, and on the other hand, opposition movements resorted to violent tactics as a means to attain political change (Rauch).Moreover, violence and crimes have been resorted to during transition periods of repressive, authoritarian governments to more democratic forms of government. For example, following the dramatic reform announcement of   State President F.W. De Klerk , the transition in South Africa was marked by extreme social conflict and violence which can be attested by statistics of more than eight South Africans dying daily as a result of political violence (Rauch).Conflicts and political violence are also triggered or aggravated by poverty in Africa, along with racial and ethnic division, and a culture of political intolerance. Many African states have also cycled through series of brutal coups and military dictatorships. The number of coups and politically motivated crimes are appalling. The period from the early 1960s to th e late 1980s for example, saw more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations in Africa.

An Inspector Calls

Though the girl subject to this as they find out ay not have actually died, this changes some Of the group's views which results in a family backlash. However, if Eva Smith, Daisy Rent and the girl who came to the Brimley women's council were all the same girl, and she subsequently died because of their actions, which character was the least responsible for her death? The first person to experience the effortless wrath of the inspector is Mr. Bribing, who is easily recognizable as the most stubborn of the lot.Instantly he tries to intimidate the inspector by rather cockily stating his past and present positions such as his time as Lord Mayor as well as his continued place on the Bench. Unlike many people Mr. Geol. stays calm and even emerges as the most dominate figure in the room almost immediately with ease. After Bribing notices this he begins to show a bit more intolerance or ‘impatience' as it says in the stage directions. Mr. Burbling part in the death is effectively star ting off a chain reaction.Eva was a worker in his factory at a time when the lower class were beginning to speak out about the cruelties of their lives and their work. The suffragettes were a growing voice since 1903 when they were formed. Trade unions were growing increasingly large with strikes happening thick and fast, with two years before being ebbed as ‘the great unrest'. Thus when the girl came asking for a couple shillings more a week she was instantly rejected along. After ‘a week or two' on strike all the workers on strike were allowed to return apart from a few ringleaders, of course one of these was Miss Smith.I believe this makes him one of the least responsible as he followed the general course of action that almost every other factory owner would have at that time. Although many people would still highlight and abhor his complete lack of remorse he consistently shows throughout the play, showing no consideration to anyone rower down the ladder of class. Th is is proven almost every time he opens his mouth; statements such as ‘a man has to look after himself' and ‘I still can't accept any responsibility, with the latter coming just after he found out his part in it all. Even though it used to be him near the bottom.The next victim of the inspector is the sweet Sheila Bribing. As she only entered the room as Geol. was moving away from Brisling's time in the spotlight she only learned little of the detail that had actually been disclosed. But still she showed great sorrow towards the tragedy. This builds up an image of Sheila that allows the audience to be much more forgiving when her role comes to light. When Mr. Geol. carries on his story telling we find out that Eva very fortunately takes advantage of the spreading influenza to grab a job at a high up the market clothes shop, Milliards.With secrecy he shows Sheila the photo of her and instantly its effect is evident, causing her to give ‘a half stifled sob' and scatt er out of the room. Her father while he may feel her actions are immature, takes this opportunity to have a much wanted dig at the informant. Once again attempting to make him feel uncomfortable and under pressure, this like before is unsuccessful. When Sheila re-enters the room it is explained that how she caused the girl to lose her job in a very UN-necessary manner. Wink very few people would see this as terrible and unforgiving, whereas most, like myself, would view this as provoked bad luck. Meaning we understand her errors but also believe the timing overlooks that. This is because as she puts it she was already in a ‘furious temper beforehand and adding to this it's never pleasing to be proven wrong (especially by your mother). So Eva unluckily faced the brunt of Sheila's own immaturity and momentary selfishness by eyeing fired, leading her to go in search of a new life.Thirdly is Gerald. Though his part is much different to the rest as he didn't affect her life for the worst. The inspector tells us how becoming Daisy Rent is Eve's fresh start, but when hearing this name Gerald is clearly shocked. So much so that his fiancee begins quizzing him on her before he's even admitted to anything. With only a visual answer she finds out how last summer when Mr. Croft was apparently too busy (with work) to spend much time with her, was actually a cover-up.Consequently turning Gerald from charming fiance to the audience's villain. That nickname, however, does not last long. His actions towards her prove he has a lot more respect for the opposite sex then many people of his grade. More evidence is he tells us how it wasn't intentional for her to end up his mistress nonetheless he did gracefully accept that it was inevitable. Most likely because she was young, ‘pretty' and ‘warm-hearted'. Soon his friend was returning home and it had to end, but this time she left in a better place.Even though he was having an affair which enforces that he can't r espect women to a huge extent, it is still clear he did only have good intentions in his heart. Taking this into consideration I still think this makes him the least responsible as he did actually re-instate happiness into her increasingly torrid life. Next in the play but last in the real time events IS Mrs. Bribing. Ever since her introduction to the conversation (and often argument) she has been closed-mined like her husband but this completely opposite to their children.This is much in line with the common perception of the older ages and the younger ages. The older one being how they are Often stubborn, especially if they have been caught out or proven wrong, causing them to effuse themselves the ability to learn from they're mistakes. Whereas Sheila and Eric accept and even exaggerate their responsibility which makes them the subject of patronizing from their parents, such as being told numerous times to ‘keep quiet' and referring Sheila's behavior as ‘like an hyst erical child'.Mrs. Burbling faults were perhaps the most influential as she turned the UN-named girl away at by far the most important time. Eva pretending her name was Mrs. Bribing almost confirmed her fate. As older women of the time's tendency to hold grudges was Omni-present here. The real Mrs. Bribing scribed this as ‘a piece of gross impertinence', impertinence being possibly Sibyl's favorite word to describe people she believes to be beneath her (which is almost everyone).This altogether gives no opportunity for anyone to speak positively about her in any manner. Sybil constantly adds to her already very pessimistic persona by egocentric comments throughout the play. After being proven guilty she comes out with ‘l accept no blame at all', deliberately evading the truth like she continues to do for the rest of the play. She tries to make herself seem more innocent than everyone else – but in fact everything he says is based on her desire to avoid anything wh ich is ‘offensive' to her social sensibility.Her twisted morals and her missing compunction which led to an innocent girl's death makes me believe she is more responsible for Eve's death. Lastly Eric who is not all the man his parents believe him to be. As for 2 years he has been ‘steadily drinking' unbeknown to his parents. Throughout the play he is shown as a weak, foolish, and thoughtless youth with his part in the loss of life coming down to character-flaws. Though at least it is clear he genuinely grief-stricken with the death as when he finds out his mother laded a huge role in the death he almost breaks down.Partly because it was the death of her own grandchild and partly because he is mortified by the fact she could have made a difference but chose not to. With Eric you can so nearly synthesis but his lack of responsibility ruins that. For example when he admits to stealing money to support Eva you can acknowledge the attempted act of kindness but then you have t o condemn the cowardly way in which it was carried out. Regardless of this Rise penitence is to be respected, also his errors were not out of wickedness, but from his own attributes. An Inspector Calls Though the girl subject to this as they find out ay not have actually died, this changes some Of the group's views which results in a family backlash. However, if Eva Smith, Daisy Rent and the girl who came to the Brimley women's council were all the same girl, and she subsequently died because of their actions, which character was the least responsible for her death? The first person to experience the effortless wrath of the inspector is Mr. Bribing, who is easily recognizable as the most stubborn of the lot.Instantly he tries to intimidate the inspector by rather cockily stating his past and present positions such as his time as Lord Mayor as well as his continued place on the Bench. Unlike many people Mr. Geol. stays calm and even emerges as the most dominate figure in the room almost immediately with ease. After Bribing notices this he begins to show a bit more intolerance or ‘impatience' as it says in the stage directions. Mr. Burbling part in the death is effectively star ting off a chain reaction.Eva was a worker in his factory at a time when the lower class were beginning to speak out about the cruelties of their lives and their work. The suffragettes were a growing voice since 1903 when they were formed. Trade unions were growing increasingly large with strikes happening thick and fast, with two years before being ebbed as ‘the great unrest'. Thus when the girl came asking for a couple shillings more a week she was instantly rejected along. After ‘a week or two' on strike all the workers on strike were allowed to return apart from a few ringleaders, of course one of these was Miss Smith.I believe this makes him one of the least responsible as he followed the general course of action that almost every other factory owner would have at that time. Although many people would still highlight and abhor his complete lack of remorse he consistently shows throughout the play, showing no consideration to anyone rower down the ladder of class. Th is is proven almost every time he opens his mouth; statements such as ‘a man has to look after himself' and ‘I still can't accept any responsibility, with the latter coming just after he found out his part in it all. Even though it used to be him near the bottom.The next victim of the inspector is the sweet Sheila Bribing. As she only entered the room as Geol. was moving away from Brisling's time in the spotlight she only learned little of the detail that had actually been disclosed. But still she showed great sorrow towards the tragedy. This builds up an image of Sheila that allows the audience to be much more forgiving when her role comes to light. When Mr. Geol. carries on his story telling we find out that Eva very fortunately takes advantage of the spreading influenza to grab a job at a high up the market clothes shop, Milliards.With secrecy he shows Sheila the photo of her and instantly its effect is evident, causing her to give ‘a half stifled sob' and scatt er out of the room. Her father while he may feel her actions are immature, takes this opportunity to have a much wanted dig at the informant. Once again attempting to make him feel uncomfortable and under pressure, this like before is unsuccessful. When Sheila re-enters the room it is explained that how she caused the girl to lose her job in a very UN-necessary manner. Wink very few people would see this as terrible and unforgiving, whereas most, like myself, would view this as provoked bad luck. Meaning we understand her errors but also believe the timing overlooks that. This is because as she puts it she was already in a ‘furious temper beforehand and adding to this it's never pleasing to be proven wrong (especially by your mother). So Eva unluckily faced the brunt of Sheila's own immaturity and momentary selfishness by eyeing fired, leading her to go in search of a new life.Thirdly is Gerald. Though his part is much different to the rest as he didn't affect her life for the worst. The inspector tells us how becoming Daisy Rent is Eve's fresh start, but when hearing this name Gerald is clearly shocked. So much so that his fiancee begins quizzing him on her before he's even admitted to anything. With only a visual answer she finds out how last summer when Mr. Croft was apparently too busy (with work) to spend much time with her, was actually a cover-up.Consequently turning Gerald from charming fiance to the audience's villain. That nickname, however, does not last long. His actions towards her prove he has a lot more respect for the opposite sex then many people of his grade. More evidence is he tells us how it wasn't intentional for her to end up his mistress nonetheless he did gracefully accept that it was inevitable. Most likely because she was young, ‘pretty' and ‘warm-hearted'. Soon his friend was returning home and it had to end, but this time she left in a better place.Even though he was having an affair which enforces that he can't r espect women to a huge extent, it is still clear he did only have good intentions in his heart. Taking this into consideration I still think this makes him the least responsible as he did actually re-instate happiness into her increasingly torrid life. Next in the play but last in the real time events IS Mrs. Bribing. Ever since her introduction to the conversation (and often argument) she has been closed-mined like her husband but this completely opposite to their children.This is much in line with the common perception of the older ages and the younger ages. The older one being how they are Often stubborn, especially if they have been caught out or proven wrong, causing them to effuse themselves the ability to learn from they're mistakes. Whereas Sheila and Eric accept and even exaggerate their responsibility which makes them the subject of patronizing from their parents, such as being told numerous times to ‘keep quiet' and referring Sheila's behavior as ‘like an hyst erical child'.Mrs. Burbling faults were perhaps the most influential as she turned the UN-named girl away at by far the most important time. Eva pretending her name was Mrs. Bribing almost confirmed her fate. As older women of the time's tendency to hold grudges was Omni-present here. The real Mrs. Bribing scribed this as ‘a piece of gross impertinence', impertinence being possibly Sibyl's favorite word to describe people she believes to be beneath her (which is almost everyone).This altogether gives no opportunity for anyone to speak positively about her in any manner. Sybil constantly adds to her already very pessimistic persona by egocentric comments throughout the play. After being proven guilty she comes out with ‘l accept no blame at all', deliberately evading the truth like she continues to do for the rest of the play. She tries to make herself seem more innocent than everyone else – but in fact everything he says is based on her desire to avoid anything wh ich is ‘offensive' to her social sensibility.Her twisted morals and her missing compunction which led to an innocent girl's death makes me believe she is more responsible for Eve's death. Lastly Eric who is not all the man his parents believe him to be. As for 2 years he has been ‘steadily drinking' unbeknown to his parents. Throughout the play he is shown as a weak, foolish, and thoughtless youth with his part in the loss of life coming down to character-flaws. Though at least it is clear he genuinely grief-stricken with the death as when he finds out his mother laded a huge role in the death he almost breaks down.Partly because it was the death of her own grandchild and partly because he is mortified by the fact she could have made a difference but chose not to. With Eric you can so nearly synthesis but his lack of responsibility ruins that. For example when he admits to stealing money to support Eva you can acknowledge the attempted act of kindness but then you have t o condemn the cowardly way in which it was carried out. Regardless of this Rise penitence is to be respected, also his errors were not out of wickedness, but from his own attributes.