Molecular Genetics: Catching the Criminal Using Electrophoresis

Introduction A sample of DNA found in a crime scene was provided along with five suspects. Their DNA was then processed using restriction enzymes and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. The objective of this lab was to match a criminals DNA to a crime scene using restriction enzymes EcoRI and Pstl with Agarose gel electrophoresis. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific base pair site recognized by the enzyme, which then turns one single strand of DNA into many fragmented strands of DNA.EcoRI recognizes and cuts the palindromic base pair sequence GATTC while Pstl recognizes and cuts the palindromic base pair sequence CTGCAG. Agarose gel electrophoreses separates these fragmented DNA by their size. The negatively charged DNA moves through the Agarose gel to the positively charged end of the gel. The smaller fragments move through the gel more quickly allowing a linear view of the fragmented DNA when the process is complete. Since each individuals DNA will be cut into different size fragmen ts when restriction enzymes are applied we can match one of the suspects to the crime scene DNA sample.This process enables an individual’s DNA to be matched, much like a fingerprint, to a sample of unknown DNA. Methods An enzyme mix of EcoRl and Pstl was added 10 microliters at a time to the crime scene sample and suspect samples one through five each containing 20 microliters of DNA. A new pipet was used for each transfer of the enzyme mix to ensure that there was no cross contamination of the suspects. To guarantee the enzyme reacts with the DNA the six samples mixed with enzyme were then centrifuged. You can read also King v CogdonThe samples were incubated at 37  ° C for 45 minutes, after incubation 5 microliters of dye were added to each sample. During this time an Agarose gel was cast using an 8 well comb. The Agarose gel was placed in the electrophoresis chamber with the wells at the cathode end and 275mL of electrophoresis buffer was added. In the first well 10 microliters of Hindlll DNA marker was added. This marker was provided dyed. In the following wells 20 microliters of each sample was added, Table 1 provides the lane information. The volts were set at 120 Volts and the sample was electrophoresed for 30 minutes.After the gel was electrophoresed it was transferred into a container and dyed with Fast Blast DNA stain so the DNA fragments could become visible to the eye. Results Figure 1 below shows the samples once they have been dyed. To the naked eye it would appear that the closest match to Lane 2 (the crime scene) would be Lane 4 (Suspect 2) but to verify this concl usion you need to calculate the size of the bands. To compare the samples the size of each marker band was measured from the well to the band in mm and graphed with the given size of each band as shown in Graph 1.In the first column of Table 2, Hindll size in base pairs was provided, to find the approximate size of the other samples the distance of each band was plugged in as an x-value to the y=-142x+13214 equation found using excel on the best fit line on Graph 1. Comparing the crime scene column to suspects one through five it was found that Suspect 3 was the criminal. His DNA fragments were of similar size and travelled a similar distance through the electrophoresis gel. Discussion- There is a pretty serious error with the calculations of size in base pairs as presented in Table 2.Some of the base pair lengths were found to be negative numbers which does not properly correlate to the proposed size of the bands. This error was most likely to have happened in the graphing of the m arker. In the results it was discussed that Suspect 3 is most likely to be the criminal but this result was found by disregarding the negative values. If the error was corrected and the correct size measurements were found the suspect found to be the criminal may have been different.Since the values for size had an error in them the criminal could not be positively identified. Conclusion- In this lab it was clear that pairing restriction enzymes with gel electrophoresis makes it possible to match a DNA sample to an individual. Applying the restriction enzyme cuts each DNA sequence into a unique size and amounts of fragments for each sample. This unique combination of sequences is what makes it possible to run the fragments through an electrophoresis gel that separates the fragments into a unique â€Å"fingerprint. Although a suspect was not properly identified to the crime scene sample, it is clear how it would be possible to identify a criminal. Table 1- This table lists each lane of the electrophoresis well and what sample was pipeted into it and how much of each sample in microliters. Lane one starts on the left hand of the well. Graph 1- The graph provides a scatter plot of the marker in lane 1, in a log scale, linear fit with a best fit line through it. The equation for slope found was y=-142x+13214.

Analysis of selected passages from Othello by William Shakespeare Essay

When William Shakespeare made use of the stylist devices he thus tried to paint a multi-dimensional image of his perceptions that he extended in his characters till the limits of reality and belief. And to design variety in this frame of multi-dimensionality Shakespeare not only expressed through the words in the lines which the characters uttered rather the formation of the words and the lines also revealed certain patterns that could be decoded to detect even more subtle reasons and justification behind those expressions. Such flow and expertise of expressing the conceptions cannot be taught easily through the science of writing rather it required the unschooled instinctive ability like Shakespeare’s to play with the words with a unique skill of potency that can metamorphosed the words to survive as the animated version of Shakespeare’s intellect and vision even after being uttered by the characters in the play. In the following excerpts from the play ‘Othello’, there is a variety of Shakespeare’s usage of stylistic devices to arrange words in order to express the difference of thoughts, moods, intensions and beliefs of the protagonist (Othello) and also how the use of such words in a specific style cater in constructing the plot and developing the characters. Theres magic in the web of it. A sybil that had numbered in the world The sun to course two hundred compasses, In her prophetic fury sewed the work; the worms were hallowed that did break the silk, And it was dyed in mummy which the skillful Conserved the maidens hearts. These lines are from the IV scene of the Third Act of the play, and they are uttered on the grounds of misunderstanding that is set by Iago in the mind of Othello. If we observe closely these lines summarize the truth that Othello is ignorant about and the words reveal the irony that Othello has become a victim of. The use of the words like â€Å"magic† and â€Å"web† are justifiable elements of the speech of a contaminated brain and the word â€Å"magic† can be the symbol of Iago’s spell of poisoning Othello’s mind with suspicion and â€Å"web† can be the symbol for the perplexed state of Othello’s mind, which lost the ability to think and trust his own reasons. And the two hundred years old â€Å"sibyl† can be a metaphor for the evil master minded Iago, whose â€Å"prophetic fury† fabricated the whole chaos to take his revenge. The â€Å"silk† can be speculated as a metaphor for the love of Desdemona that came out of her â€Å"hallowed† trust and faith. And the word â€Å"dyed† can be taken as a pun (when analyzing these lines from symbolic references), as the faithful and sacred love of Desdemona ‘dyed’ or â€Å"died† within her â€Å"maiden heart†. The worth and value purposely exaggerated by Othello is a fine example of hyperbolic fantasies that Shakespeare is capable of designing. And thus the handkerchief becomes the symbol of the thin threaded relationship of Othello and Desdemona that was based on superficial beliefs and yet sought the possibility of sustenance of their love. It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul, Let me no name it to you, you chaste stars It is the cause, Yet Ill not shed her blood, Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, And smooth as monumental alabaster, The above mentioned lines are from the Act V Scene II and anaphoric beginning of this passage is Othello’s expression for his exalted emotional dichotomy of disbelief and love for Desdemona. The repetition of the phrase â€Å"it is the cause† are the words that come out of Othello’s weeping brain that has been so badly eclipsed by the poisoning suspicion injected by Iago that it had totally become impotent of thinking on its own. As these lines are uttered during the climax of the play thus it is quite typical of Shakespeare that he lends his protagonist with an ample energy to utter dramatic and highly emotional phrases which let them have catharsis. The desperate utterance of â€Å"my soul† by Othello shows that perhaps the only salvage left for his consolation is to confide in to his soul. Or â€Å"my soul† can also be taken as Othello’s address to Desdemona as it can be observed that Othello still loves her in these lines. And from the ironic aspect the first line also conveys the meaning that it is the â€Å"soul† of Othello that can be taken as the â€Å"cause† of the whole tragedy, because if Othello had really loved Desdemona from his soul he would have had a complete trust in her love and honesty but since he believed more what he listened to and less what was known to him thus he became the victim of suspicion that proved fatal for him and his love. In the proceeding line the address to the â€Å"stars† is made by Othello to mock at Desdemona’s infidelity. â€Å"Stars† have been used as a metaphor for their heavenly status for chastity. It can also be a reference to the Greek tradition of naming the stars by the names of their gods and goddesses. Thus as Othello has completely lost his trust in his wife thus he consider her reference to be an insult for the stars. These lines depict the imbalance of Othello’s power to reason and think and express in coherence with his flow of emotions. In the later lines he reveals his intension to kill Desdemona, but unlike his valiance as a general, he prefers to strangle her because her physical beauty still absorbs his feelings in love and compassion for her. And being a black man himself he admired her fair skin and he refers to her with two different categories of symbols. The use of â€Å"snow† as a simile conveys the softness and coldness of her fair physique which Othello never wanted to distort by killing with a weapon and the metaphor of â€Å"monumental alabaster† can be referred to the stiff and lifeless beauty of Desdemona that laid with no worth for Othello anymore. I have seen the day That with this little arm and this good sword I have made my way through more impediments Than twenty times your stop. But O vain boast! Who can control his fate? Tis not so now. Be not afraid, though you do see me weaponed. Here is my journeys end, here is my butt, And very seamark of my utmost sail. These lines are uttered in the Act V Scene II which is almost the resolution of the play and it is one of Shakespeare’s special characteristics that his tragic heroes lose the intensity and the energy of their rhetoric in the last scenes of the play. It is because of the reason that Shakespeare develops his tragic heroes to attain the status of being larger than life and thus speech loses its value when the characters become paranormal. In the above lines the most important aspect that one can notice is the tone of submission and retreat which is conveyed by the choice and arrangement of words like â€Å"little arm† â€Å"But O vain Boast!† and â€Å"Who can control this fate?† by Othello who was a valiant and unbeatable general but in these lines appears to be the defeated and subjugated one in the hands of fate. These lines though do not consist of any special rhyme scheme that would help in bringing an effective poetic impact whilst delivering these lines on the stage but the second line does show some signs of alliteration as the words â€Å"made my way through more impediments† as well as in the third line where the words â€Å"twenty times† are stressed and can be delivered with some high pitched voice by the character. But after these lines the tone changes as the desperation and despondency appear in the words. The last three lines are symbolically referred by Othello to his death. And despite he is â€Å"weaponed† yet he is incapable to fight as he desires death due to his lamenting guilt and in vain repentance. In the last line the use of the metaphor â€Å"seamark† is an appropriate expression for Othello’s choice of vocabulary as it adequately represents his experiences and knowledge as a sailor and warrior.

Is lobbying a legitimate practice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2837 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 3. Is lobbying a legitimate practice? Discuss, using examples Introduction The objective of this essay is to discuss the legitimacy of lobbying. I will start off by giving a brief overview of lobbying and its features. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is lobbying a legitimate practice?" essay for you Create order Next, I will use popular lobby cases: Cigars being threatened with regulations, Royal Dutch Shell Niger Delta case and Wal-Mart in India to show that lobbying are being practiced, but not accepted by all. Lobbying, originated from the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lobbyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as a physical location. The term is often associated with public affairs management, interests and political activities. Lobbying is firmly rooted in the Anglo-Saxon political world and is regarded as suspicious in other languages and cultures (Wagner, 2011). The primary point of the activity is to make oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s voice heard and known, hence to influence the targeted public administration. Oregon Government (1998) states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“lobbying is defined as influencing, or attempting to influence, legislative action through oral or written communication with legislative officials, solicitation of others to influence or attempt to influence legislative action or attempting to obtain the g ood will of legislative officialsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Why do firms lobby? Lobbying is the exchange of information and communication and the exchange on in-depth knowledge and competencies, which provide a firm with the opportunity to benefit from the communication at the policy level (Suder, 2011). The formulation and implementation of public policy affects consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s welfare and is typically controlled by the government. Hence it is important to maintain a strong network with the necessary government bodies and institutions. A political opportunity structure can be defined as the degree to which people or groups are able to gain access to power and to manipulate the political system (Suder, 2011 cited in McAdam, 1996). Secondly, business interests are at stake. The term business interests received lots of attention by state side respondents, which includes the impact of legislation towards business operations and hence the desire to influence the legislation t o protect business. Thirdly, business would want to see predictability and fairness in government policies, reducing uncertainty to benefit their business. Likewise, the planning purposes and the creation of an equal playing field were brought up by all sides of the societal triangle but more to the market side. Fourthly, firms would more than likely to lobby for the interest if their business is at stake. Defensive motivators in this context means to avoid, weaken or postponing the legislation to prevent the worst from happening. Lastly, although positive motivators played a less significant role for the state and market side respondents, it is still slightly more emphasized by the market side. Who lobbies? Who is lobbied? Most often pressure groups that lobbies can be classified into many categories. Businesses like small and medium sized enterprise (SMEs) and multinational enterprise (MNEs), trade unions, professions, public representatives, ad hoc coalitions, sing le issue groups and the lobbying consultancy firms. Even though pressure groups started very early, its awareness of the importance of lobbying only really started in the 1970s (Suder, 2011). In the case of European Union (EU), interest groups starts to come in slowly as the European integration occurs. Interest groups starts to invest resources to lobbying activities after it became widespread that the EU-wide regulations influenced a large range of business and societal interests either in the general environment or specific cases. Lobbying for different levels of policy making means that lobbyist has to target the appropriate authorities to be effective. In United States, lobbyist are concentrated in Washington for the specific legislation in decision-making bodies like the United States Congress. Where EU lobbying are concerned, it is often concentrated in Brussels at the European Commission (EC) and the European Parliament (EP) for committee meetings and additional sessions, EP in Strasbourg for monthly conference, at the administrative office in Luxembourg where Member of the European Parliament (MEPs) are located (Schreuder, 2011). Are lobbying widely accepted? In general, democratic society deemed lobbying as a legal activity and it is to be governed by federal and provincial acts. The lobbying process actually meant to encourage and foster open access to the government. It allows the public to provide information and input to the government, especially when the legislation affects every individuals. It does not has an official term, but what lobbyist are doing are engaging, communicating and sharing information to those that ask, so they can make up their mind and make informed decisions. After all, final decisions are made by the officials and what lobbyist are advocating may or may not have an impact on the verdict. The term lobbying are often correlated with bribery. It is a matter of fine line where lobbying becomes bribery. A bribery occurs when the person offers or gives something of value for the purpose of influencing the action of an official to his advantage. Bribery are considered illegal, while lobbying are not. As is it legal, lobbyists in the US that are paid to perform their duty are required to register with the secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House (Sahajwani, 2012). Lobbying are kept transparent as compared to bribery. For example, actions made by lobbyist in Canada can be searched by the public in the federal and Albertaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s registry (Canadian Energy Pipeline Association, 2012). On the other hand, bribery will transform the established social order and its hierarchy, by which the values and principles are twisted. Bribery gives an unfair advantage to the bribe giver. However if bribery are rampant and persists over a long time, the economic foundation of the country will only erode and hurt the most vulnerable members of the society (Sahajwani, 2012). Till date lob bying may not be widespread accepted as it is always complicated with moral and ethics issues. To a certain extent, it is true that powerful organizations are using lobbying to influence political opinion to suit their organization interest at all costs. Bribery on the contrary has no morally redeeming features at all, it is a direct sale of power for individual gain (Sahajwani, 2012). Cigars threatened with regulations The United States Food and Drug Regulations (FDA) started to regulate cigar products for the first time in 2013. FDA had said that in its regulatory agenda in 2013 that it would propose rules in April to expand the federal oversight of tobacco products under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. This had caused an uproar towards the Cigar makers and businesses, more than a dozen of small companies in the cigar industry had come together to stub out the proposed tobacco regulations and taxes in Washington D.C. The attempt to expand the 2009 t obacco control act to include cigars had concerned many business as their profits are at stake. Cigar companies had said that the move would hurt cigar sales as the regulation disallows them from keeping the cigar from display shelves where customers will be able to check out the products. Executive director of Cigar Rights of America had condemn the FDAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s move as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a classic case of going beyond congressional intentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Bogardus Hattem, 2013). The latter had further mentioned that when the congress passed the original Tobacco act, it was to address two issues, youth access to tobacco and chemical addiction. Likewise, this brings to the next point where premium cigar does not meet that criteria. Industry leaders had also argued that cigars does not pose the same danger as tobacco products, since they are generally only sold in stores that requires entrants to be at least 18 years or older. Furthermore, Bill Spann, CEO of the International Premium Cigar Pipe Retailers Association had also criticize that the FDA meddling could have a devastating impact on cigar shops (Bogardus Hattem, 2013). The fight against FDA rules had drew attention from overseas. Letters from ambassadors of tobacco-growing nations have written letters to show their displeasure towards the FDA and warns that the new regulation would threatens thousands of jobs and have political and economic consequences (Bogardus Hattem, 2013). Hence the businesses had form the Small Business Cigar Coalition, an informal association of 15 makers of cigars and related product. The latter had enlisted Alston Bird to lobby for them on tax and U.S FDA matters concerning cigars as they filed with congress on 22 November 2013 (Ramonas, 2013). Following the rather successful lobbying by the Small Business Cigar Coalition, the FDA had proposed two options for the scope of the rule. The new deeming regulations are seen as potential exemption for premium cigars. On the contrary, leading health groups which consist of 24 groups and 560,000 healthcare and public professionals and millions of volunteers urges FDA to finalize the rule regulating all tobacco products by April 2015 and renounce the exemption for premium cigars (American Lung Association, 2013). Shell Niger Delta Case The Royal Dutch Shell Oil Company were certainly not new to the term corporate lobbying. As of 2014, Shell Co had 36 lobbyists representing the firm for many issues like energy nuclear power, fuel, gas, natural resources, clean air water, taxes and many others. Shell Company had spent $6.85 million on lobbying reportedly, for the year. The Niger Delta case had been brought against the Oil giant company by four farmers from the Niger Delta, who accused the Oil giant company of polluting the environment and having their livelihoods destroyed by the oil spills (Smith, 2012). The four farmers are backed by lobby group, Friends of the Earth, and had filed t he case first in 2008 (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2013). Dutch court had found in favor of one plaintiff that, Shell Nigeria had breached its duty of care in that case by failing to take appropriate actions to prevent third parties from tampering the well and causing oil spills (Gaughran, 2013).However, Shellsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ public relation had argued that spills are highly caused by sabotage and potential theft cases (Donovan, 2014). Even though the Dutch court had condemn the Shell Company for its action and pointed out that they could no longer point to sabotage as the company itself has no responsibility for the problem (Africa Journalism, 2013). Despite all that, all of the 4 plaintiffs are not able to prove their case. Whether it is really due to operation failure from Shells or sabotage, the farmers could not do much but to rely on Shellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own oil spill investigation reports. While this creates an obvious conflict of interest, there is really nothing mu ch the farmers or community could do except to accept the companies assessment. Community members may be part of the investigation process, but in reality, if they do disagree with Shell company assessment, the latter would just overwrite them (Gaughran, 2013). The Nigerian communities are helpless in the sense that they have no access to independent assessments of the real cause of the oil spill or the associated environmental damage. Moreover, United Kingdom (UK) government had backed the oil giant Shell in the US supreme court after being lobbied for support. According to Frankental (2014) in Amnesty International UK à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In these David versus Goliath encounters, the UK has effectively shielded the interest of the powerful companies at the expense of their alleged victims.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Lastly, it is said that in the past Shell had successfully lobbied both the UK and US governments to increase military aid to Nigeria to secure its oilfields (Arts Activism Educatio n Reasearch, 2013).This case had shown that environmental NGO Friends of the Earth and UK government had been lobbied for support on their respective side. Wal-Mart in India Global giant retail Wal-Mart had been waiting for years to enter the highly lucrative Indian market, the latter had since then lobbying with US lawmakers to facilitate its entry. Wal-Mart revealed it had spent more than $25 million since it started in 2008 to lobby for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“better market access for investment in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ramanna Muthuram, 2013). Wal-Mart lobbied for its case with the US senate, US House of representatives, US trade Representatives (USTR), and US Department of State (The Times of India, 2013). The lobbying had caused a huge political outcry in India after the Indian government made a controversial decision to allow FDI in the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s multi-brand sector. The sensation was because lobbying is illegal in India, and is a dirty word and the opposition are probing who got the money, even though the disclosure filing only referred to lobbying activities in the US (Hindustan Times, 2013). The notion of Wal-Mart entering India had always been denied by the political opposition. However it was not until parliament motion against the decision was defeated in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Corresponding to the crucial parliament backing that won the retail decision, lawmaker from the opposition party Ravi Shankar Prasad also argued that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lobbying is nothing more than a benign form of briberyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Lakshimi, 2012). It was then, September 2012 that the India government opened up the retail market and allows FDI to own as much as 51% of the local ventures that has multi-brand. It is highly speculated that the India government had received bribes, hence probing investigations from the political parties. Wal-Mart had lost several senior executives and went through an internal bribery investigation. Indiaà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Congress-led government has also give in to the opposition pressure and appointed a retired judge to thoroughly investigate the lobbying activities of Wal-Mart, before they enter the India market (Kazmin, 2012). However, it is prominent that it is not possible to conclude as there is no material evidence to show that Wal-Mart had indulged in any lobbying bribery. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be seen that lobbying are far more accepted in places that is democratic. The above cases are able to give a clear picture of lobbying and shows the importance of it and how it can be applied. Interest groups like NGOs or coalitions will lobby for their personal interests. It is further shown in the Wal-Mart in India case that large business tend to have the advantage as lobbying tend to be costly and can go up to millions per year. Lastly, MNEs are able to lobby for help when their business interests is at stake, they would minimize through defensive motivatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ â„ ¢s means as shown in Niger Delta scenario. References Africa Journalism, 2013. Dutch Court Indicts Shell Nigeria Over Oil Spills. [Online] Available at: https://africajournalismtheworld.com/2013/01/page/2/ [Accessed 21 December 2014]. American Lung Association, 2013. Leading Health Groups Urge FDA to Finalize Rule Regulating All Tobacco Products by April 2015 and Reject Exemption for Some Cigars. [Online] Available at: https://www.lung.org/press-room/press-releases/tobacco-control/health-groups-FDA-Deeming-Statement-Cigar-Exemptions.html [Accessed 10 December 2014]. Amnesty International UK, 2014. FOI request reveals UK backed Shell and Rio Tinto in human rights court cases after corporate lobbying. [Online] Available at: https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/foi-request-reveals-uk-backed-shell-and-rio-tinto-human-rights-court-cases-after [Accessed 22 December 2014]. Arts Activism Education Reasearch, 2013. Human rights impact of UK military aid to Nigeria under fresh scrutiny See more at: https://platformlondon.or g/p-pressreleases/human-rights-impact-of-uk-military-aid-to-nigeria-under-fresh-scrutiny/#sthash.ivDyVF1A.dpuf. [Online] Available at: https://platformlondon.org/p-pressreleases/human-rights-impact-of-uk-military-aid-to-nigeria-under-fresh-scrutiny/ [Accessed 22 December 2014]. Bogardus, K. Hattem, J., 2013. Cigars threatened with regulations. [Online] Available at: https://thehill.com/regulation/lobbying/294425-cigar-makers-threatened-with-regulations [Accessed 7 December 2014]. Canadian Energy Pipeline Association, 2012. You asked, we answered: Is lobbying a legitimate practice?. [Online] Available at: https://www.cepa.com/you-asked-we-answered-is-lobbying-a-legitimate-practice [Accessed 4 December 2014]. Donovan, J., 2014. Worst Shell Oil Spill into Niger Delta for years. [Online] Available at: https://royaldutchshellplc.com/2014/12/03/worst-shell-oil-spill-into-niger-delta-for-years/ [Accessed 20 December 2014]. Gaughran, A., 2013. Shellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s N iger Delta pollution: the good, the bad and the ongoing quest for justice. [Online] Available at: https://livewire.amnesty.org/2013/02/01/shells-niger-delta-pollution-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ongoing-quest-for-justice/comment-page-1/ [Accessed 20 December 2014]. Hindustan Times, 2013. Lobbying law will remove stigma associated with it. [Online] Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/columns/lobbying-law-will-remove-stigma-associated-with-it/article1-1144705.aspx [Accessed 21 December 2014]. Kazmin, A., 2012. India to probe Walmartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lobbying activities. [Online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c82c969a-4439-11e2-952a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3MmiMhjjt [Accessed 24 December 2014]. Lakshimi, R., 2012. Wal-Martà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disclosure of lobbying activities morphs into talk of bribery in India. [Online] Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/12/10/wal-marts-disclosure-of-lobbying-activities-morphs -into-talk-of-bribery-in-india/ [Accessed 24 December 2014]. Oregon Government, 1998. What is Lobbying?, Oregon: Oregon. Ramanna, K. Muthuram, V., 2013. Wal-Mart Lobbying in India?. [Online] Available at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=45549 [Accessed 23 December 2014]. Ramonas, A., 2013. Cigar Industry Fires Up DC Lobbying Effort. [Online] Available at: https://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2013/11/cigar-industry-fires-up-dc-lobbying-effort.html [Accessed 8 December 2014]. Sahajwani, M., 2012. The Differences Between Bribery and Lobbying. [Online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0912/the-differences-between-bribery-and-lobbying.aspx [Accessed 3 December 2014]. Schreuder, N., 2011. A Capital of Europe? Strasbourg versus Brussels. [Online] Available at: https://www.europeanbusinessreview.eu/page.asp?pid=898 [Accessed 10 December 2014]. Smith, L., 2012. Farmers sue oil giant Shell over Niger Delta pollution. [Online] Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/11/world/europe/netherlands-nigeria-shell-oil/ [Accessed 19 December 2014]. Suder, G., 2011. Doing Business in Europe. 2nd ed. London: SAGE. The Sydney Morning Herald, 2013. Court Rejects Nigerian Suit Against Shell. [Online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/environment/court-rejects-nigerian-suit-against-shell-20130130-2dlf3.html [Accessed 22 December 2014]. The Times of India, 2013. Wal-Mart continues lobbying in US for India entry. [Online] Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Wal-Mart-continues-lobbying-in-US-for-India-entry/articleshow/18317918.cms [Accessed 24 December 2014]. Wagner, S. M., 2011. The corporate political activities of multinational enterprises: the automotive industry and environmental regulations in the European Union, Loughborough: Loughborough University.

Introducing Research Proposal Writing Service

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Psychological Egoism Theory Essay - 2108 Words

The theory of psychological egoism is indeed plausible. The meaning of plausible in the context of this paper refers to the validity or the conceivability of the theory in question, to explain the nature and motivation of human behavior (Hinman, 2007). Human actions are motivated by the satisfaction obtained after completing a task that they are involved in. For example, Mother Teresa was satisfied by her benevolent actions and activities that she spent her life doing. As Hinman (2007) points out, she was likely to reduce in activity if she experienced any dissatisfaction in her endeavors. Therefore, no matter how much altruism theorists try to argue about the degree of inclination of an action towards non self-interest,†¦show more content†¦In his argument, Hinman (2007) asserts that every action that people engage in is motivated by self-interests or pleasure or direct benefits the agent or to avoid living with guilt in the future. This is the nature of human beings. Even the most altruistic action is in actual sense motivated by the egocentric desire of the actor (Hugh, 1898). Hugh (1898) further argues that people recognize that they are motivated, in most if not all cases by their need to advance their self-interest. However, when they reflect on this issue, they are mistaken by the urge to believe that the truth is the centrally of this. Actions that are meant to show concern for other people, such as helping the needy are self-satisfying to the actor, and they expect that they will their reputation in the society and obtain returned favors. A good example is that of political aspirant who might engage in a lot of philanthropic activities in his community to win the support of his constituents. Helping people is a noble thing to do especially when it comes to the application of natural justice, where human beings help those who are suffering. There is always a hidden intention in every action that is obscured by the notion of philanthropy. Returned favors expectation might not be the ultimate intention as to why people may perform an act (Michael, 1978). However, it will be illogical to say that these intentions wereShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Psychological And Ethical Egoism959 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking at the ideas of egoisms, two major views come out in the form of psychological and ethical egoism. While both of the views hinge on the idea that everybody acts in their own self-interest, the major separator is that ethical egoist views their pursuit of their personal gain morally right (106), even if they have to kill or steal for it, compared to the psychosocial egoist who just state that the only thing that motivates humans is their self-interest while the mo ral standings stay theRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychological Egoism And Ethical Egoism Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesJames Rachels introduces in his written works, Egoism and Moral Skepticism, two different theories of human nature: psychological egoism and ethical egoism. The theory of psychological egoism refers to the view that all human actions are self-centered. On the other hand, the theory of ethical egoism is the idea that we are not obligated to do anything other than what is in our interest. Most individuals would consistently believe in ethical egoism because most generally care about the well-beingRead MorePsychological Theories Of Psychological Egoism1191 Words   |  5 Pagesegoistically driven? This dissertation will take a closer look at these questions while exploring the views of psychological egotism and what its supporters believe drives us to act in certain ways. Although psychological egoism has not been attributed to many philosophers, it brings forth an inte resting debatable point of view of human behavior. While psychological egoism is unquestionably a perceived theory, there hasn’t always been a substantial amount of experimental data that relates to the debate. HoweverRead MoreEgoism, Psychological And Ethical, And Altruism1141 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions bring to the surface the topics of egoism, psychological and ethical, and altruism. Egoism in general means that people think of their own advantage. They have high opinions of themselves and dote on themselves. Meaning they live and breathe off of self-praise. Most of the time this word has a negative connotation to it, and it is looked down upon (Flynn 459). Egoism falls into two categories: psychological and ethical. The term psychological egoism refers to the mindset that there is no suchRead MoreThe Concept Of Selfishness Is Viewed By The Ethical And Psychological Ethics1307 Words   |  6 Pagespaper, I will discuss how the concept of selfishness is viewed by the ethical and psychological egoists. I will also examine both sides of the issue, those for and against the theories, while citing the text, â€Å"Doing Ethics: Moral Reasoning and Contemporary Issues† and the views of philosophers in it such as Joel Feinberg and Theodore Schick. I plan to use all the above in order to support my argument that the psychological and ethical egoist would be wron g to think Amy is looking out for her own selfishRead MoreEthics of Welfare and Government Assistance Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesmoral point of view would be from the psychological egoist perspective. An egoist is a person who believes all that matters in moral issues are the elements that deal with self. They are believers that all people’s decisions in life are based on selfishness. Therefore, if welfare were a charity, rather than a government run program, the psychological egoists of the world probably would most likely not contribute. On the other side of the coin, psychological egoism would suggest that all people who qualifyRead MoreModule 2 Business Ethics Case Assignme Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesview that we should be actively trying to promote overall happiness, and one has a serious incompatibility with psychological egoism. Thus, his apparent endorsement of Hobbesian psychological egoism created problems in understanding his moral theory since psychologi cal egoism rules out acting to promote the overall well-being when that it is incompatible with one’s own. For the psychological egoist, that is not even a possibility. So, given ‘ought to imply can’ it would follow that we are not obligatedRead MorePsychological Egoism662 Words   |  3 PagesPsychological egoism is the view that everyone always acts selfishly. It describes human nature as being wholly self-centered and self-motivated. Psychological egoism is different from ethical egoism in their â€Å"direction of fit† to the world. Psychological ego-ism is a factual theory. It aims to fit the world. In the world is not how psychological ego-ism says it is because someone acts unselfishly, then something is wrong with psycho-logical egoism. In my opinion this argument is completely wrongRead MoreEthical and Psychological Hedonism Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesEthical hedonism and psychological hedonism are two of the more studied versions of hedonism . These two theories are similar at their foundations (soon to be discussed) but when defined in terms of values, one is descriptive and the other is normative. Neither ethical nor psychological hedonism is perfect, I believe, though each has important strengths which offer the basis for discussion. Additionally, some arguments and ideas presented by Robert Nozick in his essay â€Å"The Experience Machine† proveRead MorePsychological and Ethical Egoism Essay1863 Words   |  8 Pages Egoism is a teleological theory of ethics that sets the ultimate criterion of morality in some nonmoral value (i.e. happiness or welfare) that results from acts (Pojman 276). It is contrasted with altruism, which is the view that ones actions ought to further the interests or good of other people, ideally to the exclusion of ones own interests (Pojman 272). This essay will explain the relation between psychological egoism and ethical egoism. It will examine how someone who believes in psychological

Using Social Media In The Workplace To Communicate †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Using Social Media In The Workplace To Communicate. Answer: Introduction In present days, social media plays an effective role in the workplace. Social media is the place, where the employees and employers can be involved together. This can help to evaluate the communication effectively, where the information can be shared in an effective way. Social media can be used for the personal and professional purpose. According to Collins, Shiffman and Rock (2016), social media can encourage the employees to increase the participation and productivity of the organization. Most of the organizations fail to motivate t he employees for the employee engagement and as a result, the performance of the employees reduces due to ineffective communication. The study focuses on the effectiveness of the social media in case of communicating effectively in the workplace. Usage of social media for effective employee communication As mentioned by Kissel and Bttgen (2015), social media is growing in present days as the effective communication tool. The employers can convey the messages in various platforms so that the employees can understand the messages completely. The message can be shared formally and informally. Social media is the place, where the employees get the chance to know the other employees easily as many employees cannot communicate effectively face- to- face. Social media is one of the best platforms that make the communicating procedure easier to share the information (Vaast Kaganer, 2013). Most of the people do not feel easy to communicate face- to- face, whereas communicating is easier via the social media. Some effective social media sites Seven effective social media sites, which can be used for the communication of employees, are as follows: Face book: Most of the organizations have their own face book pages, where they share the important information about the company. Mainly the HR managers handle those pages, which helps the employees to know about the organization (Charoensukmongkol, 2014). This face book pages helps the employers to be connected with the employees all the time. The information that can be shared is the mission and vision of the organization, designation, benefits, enrollment deadline, policies, regulations, new approaches, and more. It is the best place, where the employees can share their views and discusses about the issues with others (Feeney Welch, 2016). This platform is related with the benefit programs. Yammer: Some of the organizations use enterprise chat service that is known as yammer. It is the internal module of communication. This can allow sharing the information socially via the board or projecting team of the organization. It is an online forum, which is easy to handle. It can be handled via the desktop system or mobile system by downloading the particular application. It cuts down the headache of communicating with the employees and the headache of emails also can be removed. In the workplace of present days, the competition has increased and it is necessary for the employers to always update the employees about everything of the organization. Twitter: twitter is another popular social media site, where the employees can share their views and resolve the queries easily. They can share the important information with the employees and with the wide range of audience. Big organizations like Google, Starbucks, and other big brands use this social media site so that the employees and other eligible candidates can be encouraged to engage in these organizations. Twitter is the best place to promote the organization to attract the employees. The communication way of twitter is faster and easy. The opinion can be share with so many people at a time. LinkedIn: LinkedIn is the best platform for the business owners, where they can create own intranet of the company. This allows the owners to manage the huge numbers of employee groups so that they can share the internal information easily. They can share the internal information of the events as well as important announcements. This can motivate the employees to take part in the effective communication. On the other hand, the employers can be able to solve the issues related to the employees and motivate them to develop skills so that they can utilize the skills in their activities in the workplace. Company Blogs: The company blogs is another platform, which the HR management uses to convey the benefits as well as other information of the organization. It works as the internal mechanism. The employees can get success and can easily access the information. It encourages the employees for the effective communication. It is the best place to conduct the QA sessions. The employees can easily participate in the session.The higher management can easily survey the employees if necessary and also can share the survey report with them easily. Hence, it is beneficial for both the employees and employers. Remote Access: The companies can use the social media to train the employees as well. The employers can arrange virtual training sessions for the focused group of employees. The organization can provide training remotely to the employees in remote time. With the help of the platform, the employees are able to watch the live video and can communicate with the trainers properly (Schultz et al., 2015). This is an effective platform for both the employees and employers and it is very time saving process of training. The employers can inter act with the employees very easily and the employees also are able to share their concern with the hierarchy easily. YouTube: YouTube is another motivating platform for an organization. The two renowned social media platforms, Meerkat and periscope provide the video of their live training, with which the employees can relate. Most of the companies cannot interact with their highermanagement easily and the videos of this platform can solve the issues for them. The employees can watch the online videos of different motivational people and organization. To develop the communication skill, the self- motivation is also necessary, which can be gained by watching such videos (Puijenbroek et al., 2014). The organizations can post the videos so that public can sees those and subscribe the channels for the motivation. It can be expected that the mentioned social media sites can help the employees to develop their communication with others and can utilize the platforms effectively and efficiently. Enabling to interact The usage of the social media sites as well as the mobile technologies allow the employees and the employers also for engaging in the real- time feedback instead of waiting for the annual appraisal meeting. Moreover, the self- motivation is necessary for the improvement of the communication strategies. The employees can take the help of the senior employees and can ask for the training if they need. However, in case of the new recruitment, the training is necessary as they need time to adjust with the working environment (Blaschke, 2014). Hence, they can be a part of the social media group and interact with other employees for the development of the skills and techniques. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it can be said that social media is a he platform of communication and people can use it to communicate with other employees and employers. Social media can encourage the employees to increase the participation and productivity of the organization. The various platforms of the social media help both the employees and the employers to level up the situation of the organization. Some of the organizations use enterprise chat service that is useful for them and increase the motivation level of the employees and thus the production of the company. References Blaschke, L. M. (2014). Using social media to engage and develop the online learner in self-determined learning.Research in Learning Technology,22(1), 21635. Charoensukmongkol, P. (2014). Effects of support and job demands on social media use and work outcomes.Computers in Human Behavior,36, 340-349. Collins, K., Shiffman, D., Rock, J. (2016). How are scientists using social media in the workplace?.PloS one,11(10), e0162680. Feeney, M. K., Welch, E. W. (2016). Technologytask coupling: Exploring social media use and managerial perceptions of e-government.The American Review of Public Administration,46(2), 162-179. Friedman, L. W., Friedman, H. H. (2013). Using social media technologies to enhance online learning.Journal of Educators Online,10(1), n1. Kissel, P., Bttgen, M. (2015). Using social media to communicate employer brand identity: The impact on corporate image and employer attractiveness.Journal ofBrand Management,22(9), 755-777. Puijenbroek, T. V., Poell, R. F., Kroon, B., Timmerman, V. (2014). The effect of social media use on work?related learning.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,30(2), 159-172. Schultz, M. D., Koehler, J. W., Philippe, T. W., Coronel, R. S. (2015). Managing the effects of social media in organizations.SAM Advanced Management Journal,80(2), 42. Vaast, E., Kaganer, E. (2013). Social media affordances and governance in the workplace: An examination of organizational policies.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(1), 78-101.

The megathrust earthquake Essay Example

The megathrust earthquake Paper Chile is hit by what is called a megathrust temblor. Chile lies on a convergence or destructive home base boundary. This means that to different home bases, in this instance the Nacza home base ( an pelagic home base ) and the South-American home base, travel towards each other. In this boundary, the home bases move with an mean velocity of 80 millimeter every twelvemonth. The Nacza home base is heavier because it s an pelagic home base. Pressure makes it dive or sink beneath the lighter Continental home base in an east-north-east way, in a procedure called subduction. This procedure though, does non continue continuously and on the 27th of February, there was a minute that the Nacza home base skidded. At that point, there is a motion of home bases there and a release of great sums of energy ensuing from the force per unit area. This topographic point where the temblor originates, is called hypocenter. In this instance, the deepness was 35 kilometer. From here, seismal moving ridge s are send out in every way. Depending on the stuff, waves pass rapidly ( harder stuffs ) or lose some of their velocity and energy ( unstable, softer stuffs ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The megathrust earthquake specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The megathrust earthquake specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The megathrust earthquake specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the right figure, there is made a cross profile of the left figure. The pointer indicates the subduction zone, in this instance, about the full litoral of Chile. In ruddy, there is explained why home bases move in the same way: convergence and droping convection currents pull plates together. explicate the strength of this temblor This temblor had a strength of 8.8 on the minute magnitude graduated table. This is a logarithmic manner of mensurating the strength of seismal moving ridges. With an ultrasensitive pen attached to a spring they can see how much the maximal amplitude was at a certain point. Great amplitudes were measured during 4 proceedingss. Changes in co-ordinates are registered along a 700 kilometer long section of the mistake zone ( the zone were the Nacza plates subducts ) , with largest supplantings of about 10 metres. Using the GPS co-ordinate system, measurings have shown that it moved for illustration Concepcion about 10 pess due wests. It besides moved other large metropoliss like Santiago and Buenos Aires. It was even so powerful that the period of Earth s rotary motion is shortened, ensuing in a twenty-four hours that is 1.26 microseconds shorter than earlier. The ground is that the heavy pelagic home base moved towards the Earth s karyon, which makes that the mass is more concentrated in the karyon than before, which shifts the centre of gravitation. 2 History of temblors What opportunity of temblors in that part ( + clarify with maps ) On the figure, there is indicated in ruddy where the greatest chance for an temblor is calculated. Most of the temblors due to tectonic motion are originated at the so called ring of fire. This is an country in the Pacific Ocean where a batch of temblors occur and where there is a batch of volcanic activity. The northern part of Chile ( centered on Antofagasta ) has experienced the most temblors: 61 strong ( M6.0-6.9 ) , 10 major ( M7.0-M7.9 ) , and one great temblor of magnitude 8.0 since the beginning of 1975. This means 80 heavy temblors in period of 35 old ages, about 2 per twelvemonth. The cardinal part around Santa Cruz has experienced a small less temblors: 52 strong, and 7 major temblors since 1975. 3 Why yes/no a opportunity to tsunamis with the temblor? With a sudden gesture of the sea floor, there can be triggered a tsunami. This tsunami on the 27th of February merely had a tallness of 1.29 metre, but because of its high velocity, it can still hold black effects. There is a possibility of a tsunami because it s an pelagic home base that is subducting the South-American home base. With subducting home bases, there is perpendicular gesture of the home bases, which triggers the tsunami. The opportunity of a tsunami is therefore a batch bigger along a destructive ( meeting ) home base boundary than along a constructive home base boundary.